Does Herbivore Diversity Depend on Plant Diversity? The Case of California Butterflies

Hawkins, Gay; Porter,

doi:10.2307/3078881

Cited by 65 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…Haddad et al (2001) and Siemann et al (1998) found positive correlations between species richness of terrestrial plants and insects in experimental grasslands on scales of 10 m 2 . Hawkins and Porter (2003) found positive correlations between butterfly and plant diversity between bioregions in California, USA, although the relationship disappeared after accounting for variation due to productivity and topographic gradients. Their study suggested that correlations in diversity across trophic levels were driven by a correlated response to the environment rather than by direct causal links.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…That is, high diversity of producers should coincide with high diversity among consumers and decomposers. Most studies of diversity patterns across trophic levels come from terrestrial systems and largely focus on primary producer and herbivore interactions (Murdoch et al 1972, Siemann et al 1998, Haddad et al 2001, Hawkins and Porter 2003. Most terrestrial studies have found positive correlations in diversity across trophic groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Independent Gradients of Producer, Consumer, and Microbial Diversity in Lake Plankton

Longmuir

Shurin

Clasen

2007

Ecology

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Abstract. Interactions between trophic levels during food web assembly can drive positive correlations in diversity between producers, consumers, and decomposers. However, the contribution of trophic interactions relative to local environmental factors in promoting species diversity is poorly understood, with many studies only considering two trophic levels. Here we examine correlations in diversity among zooplankton, phytoplankton, and bacteria in the pelagic zone of 31 lakes in British Columbia, Canada. We sampled species diversity of zooplankton and phytoplankton through morphological identification, and bacterial genetic diversity was estimated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA polymorphisms. We looked for correlations in diversity that were independent of the abiotic environment by statistically controlling for 18 limnological variables. No significant correlations were found between the diversity of zooplankton, phytoplankton, and bacteria. In addition, the physical factors that were associated with species composition in one trophic level were independent of those that were important for another. Our results provide no support for the importance of direct feedbacks between producers, consumers, and decomposers in maintaining diversity. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and bacterial diversity and composition are regulated independently from one another and respond to different environmental variables. These results suggest that species of lake plankton show loose trophic associations with one another due to broad diets in consumers and decomposers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent Gradients of Producer, Consumer, and Microbial Diversity in Lake Plankton

Longmuir

Shurin

Clasen

2007

Ecology

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“…While cross-taxon associations in richness patterns above and beyond environment are found (27), environmental variables such as temperature and productivity tend to be much stronger predictors and surrogates (28,29).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking global turnover of species and environments

Buckley

Jetz

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

324

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Patterns of species turnover are central to the geography of biodiversity and resulting challenges for conservation, but at broad scales remain relatively little understood. Here, we take a first spatially-explicitly and global perspective to link the spatial turnover of species and environments. We compare how major groups of vertebrate ectotherms (amphibians) and endotherms (birds) respond to spatial environmental gradients. We find that high levels of species turnover occur regardless of environmental turnover rates, but environmental turnover provides a lower bound for species turnover. This lower bound increases more steeply with environmental turnover in tropical realms. While bird and amphibian turnover rates are correlated, the rate of amphibian turnover is four times steeper than bird rates. This is the same factor by which average geographic ranges of birds are larger than those of amphibians. Narrow-ranged birds exhibit rapid rates of species turnover similar to those for amphibians, while wide-ranged birds largely drive the aggregate patterns of avian turnover. We confirm a strong influence of the environment on species turnover that is mediated by range sizes and regional history. In contrast to geographic patterns of species richness, we find that the turnover in one group (amphibians) is a much better predictor for the turnover in another (birds) than is environment. This result confirms the role of amphibian sensitivity to environmental conditions for patterns of turnover and supports their value as a surrogate group. This spatially-explicit analysis of environmental turnover provides understanding for conservation planning in changing environments.beta diversity ͉ biodiversity ͉ distance decay ͉ environmental gradients ͉ spatial turnover U nderstanding patterns of species turnover is central to both applied issues of conservation planning (1, 2) and to long-standing conceptual questions on the origin and distribution of biodiversity (3, 4). Linking these species turnover patterns to changes in environmental conditions is crucial to addressing how the edges of species' ranges are delineated (5). Both environmental dissimilarity and geographic distance are central causes of species turnover (6). Along local environmental gradients, species distributions often represent the outcome of competitive sorting (7,8). At broader scales, evolutionary histories of speciation and extinction, along with environmental conditions, constrain the richness and distribution of species (9-11). We examine how both the environment and species composition change over geographic space to disentangle the influence of environmental conditions and space on species turnover. This extends Whittaker's studies (8) of species turnover along environmental gradients to global scales.We term our examination of changes in species composition along spatial and environmental gradients species turnover (8,12). While beta diversity is often used synonymously with species turnover (13), beta diversity can also refer to mathematical part...

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“…Observations in South America and elsewhere show strong positive linkage between plant and insect-herbivore diversity (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Proposed mechanisms include dependency of insect diversity on plant diversity (8, 9, 13), coevolution of plants and insects (15-21), herbivore selection against host density (22-25), and herbivore intensification of abiotic factors that select for habitat specialization (26,27).…”

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confidence: 99%

Richness of plant–insect associations in Eocene Patagonia: A legacy for South American biodiversity

Wilf

Labandeira

Johnson

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

109

104

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South America has some of the most diverse floras and insect faunas that are known, but its Cenozoic fossil record of insects and insect herbivory is sparse. We quantified insect feeding on 3,599 leaves from the speciose Laguna del Hunco flora (Chubut, Argentina), which dates to the early Eocene climatic optimum (52 million years ago) and compared the results with three well preserved, rich, and identically analyzed early-and middle-Eocene floras from the following sites in North America: Republic, WA; Green River, UT; and Sourdough, WY. We found significantly more damage diversity at Laguna del Hunco than in the North American floras, whether measured on bulk collections or on individual plant species, for both damage morphotypes and feeding groups. An ancient history of rich, specialized plant-insect associations on diverse plant lineages in warm climates may be a major factor contributing to the current biodiversity of South America.paleobotany ͉ Argentina ͉ herbivory ͉ Laguna del Hunco ͉ paleoecology S outh America is well known for its highly diverse** floras (1-3) and associated insect faunas (4-7). Observations in South America and elsewhere show strong positive linkage between plant and insect-herbivore diversity (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Proposed mechanisms include dependency of insect diversity on plant diversity (8, 9, 13), coevolution of plants and insects (15-21), herbivore selection against host density (22-25), and herbivore intensification of abiotic factors that select for habitat specialization (26,27). Paleontological data can be used to test whether plant and herbivore diversity were correlated in the past (28-30), although data bearing on the primary mechanisms are not typically available from fossils. However, throughout South America, insect body fossils have a limited Cenozoic record (31), and insect damage on fossil plants has rarely been reported (32,33). Here, we seek to determine whether a diverse fossil flora from South America has an elevated level of plant-insect associations. We quantify insect-feeding damage on one of the most speciose known assemblages of fossil plants, from earlyEocene Patagonia and, for comparison, on three well preserved, diverse early-and middle-Eocene floras from comparable absolute latitudes of North America. Study Areas, Specimens, and MethodsThe Patagonian flora comes from tuffaceous lake beds exposed at Laguna del Hunco (LH; S42.5°, W70°; paleolatitude, Ϸ47°S) in Chubut, Argentina (34-36). These sediments were deposited 52 million years ago (35,36), during the early Eocene global climatic optimum (37). At this time, thermophilic organisms reached middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres (38-42), and the LH flora contains a large proportion of tropical as well as temperate lineages (34)(35)(36)39). Our unbiased macrofloral sample, in which all material was collected or tallied, totals 6,521 specimens from 25 quarries, of which 4,303 specimens (66%) are identifiable to 186 species of plant organs. These include 152 leaf species, of which 132 are ma...

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Does Herbivore Diversity Depend on Plant Diversity? The Case of California Butterflies

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

Independent Gradients of Producer, Consumer, and Microbial Diversity in Lake Plankton

Independent Gradients of Producer, Consumer, and Microbial Diversity in Lake Plankton

Linking global turnover of species and environments

Richness of plant–insect associations in Eocene Patagonia: A legacy for South American biodiversity

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