Does Globalization Increase Child Labor?

Cigno, Alessandro; Rosati, Furio Camillo; Guarcello, Lorenzo

doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00053-0

Cited by 139 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Furthermore, as Cigno, Rosati andGuarcello (2002, p. 1579) observe, this measure of child labor suffers from the fact that in excluding children younger than 10 years old 'it leaves out a large, arguably the most worrisome, part of the phenomenon in question'. 2 On the other hand, the measure includes children aged between 12 and 14 years old undertaking light work, which under certain conditions is allowed by Article 7 of the ILO Convention 138 concerning the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment.…”

Section: Research Design (A) the Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 On the other hand, the measure includes children aged between 12 and 14 years old undertaking light work, which under certain conditions is allowed by Article 7 of the ILO Convention 138 concerning the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment. Some, like Cigno, Rosati and Guarcello (2002), therefore resort to using the nonattendance rate in primary school education as an additional proxy for the incidence of child labor. The idea is that children under 10 years old who are not attending primary school are presumed working, whereas those that do attend school are presumed not working.…”

Section: Research Design (A) the Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We improve upon the three main existing empirical cross-national studies on the subject, namely Shelburne (2001), Cigno, Rosati and Guarcello (2002) and Edmonds and Pavcnik (2004), in two important ways: First, unlike these studies that mainly address trade openness, we look also at penetration by foreign direct investment (FDI) defined as the stock of FDI over gross domestic product (GDP). Rather than trade openness alone, FDI is often directly accused of engaging in exploitative activities as such notorious cases involving Nike exemplify (Grote, Basu, and Weinhold 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Child Labor

2005

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Summary. --The skeptics of globalization argue that increased trade openness and foreign direct investment induce developing countries to keep labor costs low, for example by letting children work. This article argues that there are good theoretical reasons why globalization might actually have the opposite effect. We test this with various measures of child labor and provide the first analysis of foreign investment in addition to trade. We present evidence that countries that are more open towards trade and/or have a higher stock of foreign direct investment also have a lower incidence of child labor. This holds for the labor force participation rate of 10 to 14 year old children, the secondary school non-attendance rate and a count measure of economic sectors with child labor incidence as the dependent variables. Globalization is associated with less, not more, child labor.

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Section: Research Design (A) the Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Research Design (A) the Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Child Labor

2005

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“…Lack of education and child labor have received particular attention as they potentially have dramatic long-term e¤ect on human capital accumulation and hence on development. Furthermore, child labor is often portrayed in the popular press as a growing problem fueled by international trade (Cigno, Rosati & Guarcello 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…See for example, Jafarey & Lahiri (2002). Based on 1 the scant available evidence, it does not appear that globalization increases the incidence of child labour (Cigno, Rosati & Guarcello 2002). Edmonds & Pavcnik (2004), for instance, study the relationship between trade liberalization (measured as the change in the relative price of an exported commodity) and child labor using household level data from Vietnam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child labor, urban proximity, and household composition

Fafchamps

Wahba

2006

Journal of Development Economics

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Child Labor, Urban Proximity and Household CompositionMarcel Fafchamps Jackline Wahba The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ABSTRACT Child Labor, Urban Proximity and Household Composition *Using detailed survey data from Nepal, this paper examines the determinants of child labor with a special emphasis on urban proximity. We find that children residing in or near urban centers attend school more and work less in total but are more likely to be involved in wage work or in a small business. The larger the urban center, the stronger the effect is. Urban proximity is found to reduce the workload of children and improve school attendance up to 3 hours of travel time from the city. In areas of commercialized agriculture located 3 to 7 hours from the city, children do more farm work. Urban proximity effects are accounted for by a combination of local labor supply and demand conditions, most notably the local importance of agriculture, the education level of the parents, and the local wage rate. Child servants, which represent a small proportion of all children, work much harder than other children and appear particularly at risk.JEL Classification: J10, J22, J24, J40, N35

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Child labor

Cigno¹

2016

The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization

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The common perception of child labor is that children work because their family is very poor. This approach clashes with evidence that children work even when family income is well above subsistence level, but it has been shown that the effect decreases as income increases. In countries with per‐capita GDP below 1,000 dollars a year, a 1 percent increase in per‐capita GDP is associated with a 10 percent reduction in child labor. For countries with per‐capita GDP between 1,000 and 4,000 dollars, the effects are less than 5 percent. For those with per‐capita GDP above 4,000 dollars, the reduction is less than 4 percent. For higher income countries, the reduction in child labor is about 2 percent. Therefore, the association between child labor and per‐capita GDP loses importance as the latter becomes larger. If we want to explain child labor in countries other than those with less than 1,000 dollars of GDP per capita, we must then look for different mechanisms.

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Does Globalization Increase Child Labor?

Cited by 139 publications

References 13 publications

Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Child Labor

Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Child Labor

Child labor, urban proximity, and household composition

Child labor

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