Does Gender Make a Difference? Gender Differences in the Motivations and Strategies of Female and Male Academic Entrepreneurs

Female Entrepreneurship: Can Cooperatives Contribute to Overcoming the Gender Gap? A Spanish First Step to Equality

“…This research contributes to the existing social entrepreneurship literature by providing empirical evidence from the Spanish context that highlights the role of women in cooperatives. The findings also emphasize the need for responsive policies and programmes that promote the cooperative model since it promotes female employment and women's entrepreneurial activity even in periods of economic austerity.Sustainability 2020, 12, 2478 2 of 17 women and men in terms of their levels of participation, access, rights, remuneration, or benefits (European Institute for Gender Equality, EIGE) [8][9][10]. In this vein, Dalkiran [11] recently highlighted the benefits women receive from the membership of cooperative organizations and concluded that female entrepreneurship through cooperatives can facilitate progress in meeting regional and national development targets.…”

“…Sustainability 2020, 12, 2478 2 of 17 women and men in terms of their levels of participation, access, rights, remuneration, or benefits (European Institute for Gender Equality, EIGE) [8][9][10]. In this vein, Dalkiran [11] recently highlighted the benefits women receive from the membership of cooperative organizations and concluded that female entrepreneurship through cooperatives can facilitate progress in meeting regional and national development targets.…”

Academic entrepreneurship: phase-specific constraints and needs

“…Changes in expectations encountered in the working world are a consequence of that trend: self-realization, scope of action, a successful work-life balance, working hours and workspaces that are aligned with individual life plans become a priority and replace traditional professional incentives such as status or income (Hay Group, 2011;Schuldt and Ehret, 2015). Iffländer et al (2018) show that scientists are motivated, among other things, by their sense of purpose, self-fulfillment or career aspirations, but also by the possibility to transfer research results to the public and expand their application and impact. Although founding is aligned with the aspects discussed above and wedded to similar activities, overall conditions and personalities of researchers, most postdoctoral students surveyed by Sinell et al (2015) regard entrepreneurship as a risky and serious undertaking.…”

“…To increase awareness of the variety of transfer channels in the first phase of the founding process, information material, calls for tenders and selection procedures for funding programs should address the heterogeneity of spin-off motivations among the scientists (Iffländer et al, 2018). Iffländer et al (2018) reveal that women tend to move more often towards idealistic founding motives than their male colleagues. This heterogeneity of start-up motivations should be deliberately addressed in calls for tenders and selection procedures for funding programs to unlock unexploited spin-off potential.…”

Academic Entrepreneurship Education: Does Gender Matter?

“…Until now, research into the gender-specific differences amongst potential graduate entrepreneurs has received little attention. The focus of empirical studies often lies in the differences in the case of fully established start-ups, whereby gender is merely a control variable [11,12]. However, the empirically proven gender gap has prompted a growing number of researchers into start-up entrepreneurship to subject their models to gender-specific tests [12], since female-specific behaviour is overlooked in most theories [13].…”