Does Frailty Modify the Effect of Race on Influenza Vaccination within Nursing Facilities in Michigan, 2005-2006?

Abstract

Nursing home racial composition is associated with vaccine uptake; black residents are less well immunized than white residents. To determine if health status modifies the effect of race on receiving vaccination among nursing home residents, we used cross-sectional data from the

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccinations Among Nursing Home Residents: A Systematic Review

“…In all eligible studies, the investigators used large administrative data sets and performed secondary data analysis, although one group of researchers also corroborated their methods with a developed survey and chart reviews (Bardenheier, Shefer, McKibben, Roberts, & Bratzler, 2004). In five studies, researchers used the MDS along with the Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) database (Bardenheier, Gravenstein, Furlow, Ahmed, & Hogue, 2013;Bardenheier, Wortley, Ahmed, Gravenstein, & Hogue, 2011;Bardenheier, Wortley, Ahmed, Hales, & Shefer, 2010;Cai, Feng, Fennell, & Mor, 2011), in one study, the researcher used only the MDS (Bardenheier, Wortley, Shefer, McCauley, & Gravenstein, 2012), and in seven studies the researchers used the National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS) (Bardenheier, Shefer, et al, 2011;Bardenheier, Shefer, Tiggle, Marsteller, & Remsburg, 2005;Li & Mukamel, 2010;Luo, Zhang, Cook, Wu, & Wilson, 2014;Marsteller, Tiggle, Remsburg, Shefer, & Bardenheier, 2006;Marsteller et al, 2008;Strully, 2011). Each data source is described below along with the variables used in the studies reviewed.…”

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Receipt of Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination among Long‐Stay Nursing Home Residents

“…NH concentration of black residents was a secondary independent variable of interest that was examined in sensitivity analyses. Similar to previous researchers, this variable was created with six categories to reflect the percentage of blacks in a facility so that the lower and higher categories were proportional (0 percent to 4.9 percent, 5.0 percent to 19.9 percent, 20.0 percent to 49.9 percent, 50 percent to 79.9 percent, 80 percent to 94.9 percent, and 95 percent to 100 percent) (Bardenheier et al 2011a(Bardenheier et al ,b, 2012(Bardenheier et al , 2013Cai et al 2011).…”

“…Facility characteristics derived from OSCAR/CASPER that were controlled for included bed count, percent occupancy, staffing (i.e., certified nursing assistant [CNA], licensed practical nurse [LPN]/licensed vocational nurse [LVN], and registered nurse [RN] hours per resident per day [HRD]), ownership (i.e., for-profit, government, and nonprofit), setting (i.e., metropolitan, rural, and nonmetropolitan with urban population), and percent of residents who use Medicaid as their source of payment (Mor et al 2004;Cai et al 2011;Bardenheier et al 2012Bardenheier et al , 2013Davis et al 2014).…”

“…Using data from the 1995 to 2004 National Nursing Home Surveys (NNHS) and 1999 to 2009 Minimum Data Sets (MDS), the difference in receipt of the influenza vaccination between racial and ethnic minorities ranged from 2 to 20 percent (Bardenheier et al. , , ,b, ; Marsteller et al. ; Li and Mukamel ; Cai et al.…”

“…Racial/ethnic minority status (i.e., black race or Hispanic ethnicity) has been found to be a strong predictor of NH resident vaccination status (Lindley et al 2006;Winston, Wortley, and Lees 2006). Previous researchers report racial/ethnic minority residents less likely to receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations because they are not offered the vaccinations or refuse them altogether, compared to whites (Bardenheier et al 2010(Bardenheier et al , 2011aBardenheier et al 2013;Cai et al 2011). Using data from the 1995 to 2004 National Nursing Home Surveys (NNHS) and 1999 to Data Sources Minimum Data Sets MDS version 3.0 is the latest version of MDS.…”