Does economic shocks influence household's healthcare expenditure? Evidence from rural Nigeria

Rufai, Adedoyin Mistura; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Abioye, Oyewale Daniel; Birindwa, Ahadi Bwihangane; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06897

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In this study, we focused on four key factors – income and employment, wealth endowment, social capital, and safety net programs of the government/NGOs– that could play important roles in moderating household food security and dietary diversity under the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies have shown that economic shocks in the context of income decline or job loss can adversely affect household food security (Akter & Basher, 2014 ; Smith & Frankenberger, 2018 ; Rufai et al, 2021 ). Particularly, the poor and vulnerable households are the most affected (Andam et al, 2020 ; Obayelu et al, 2021 ; Ogunmodede et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria

et al. 2022

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The policy measures of the government of Nigeria to restrain the spread of COVID-19, particularly in the initial three months (April – June 2020) led to significant disruptions to household livelihoods and food security. We investigate the effects of COVID-19 on food security and dietary diversity of households; focusing on the pathways through which income loss, endowments of wealth, social capital, and safety net programs moderate the severity of households’ food security and dietary diversity. Primary data obtained from a telephone survey of 1,031 Nigerian households were analyzed using ordered logit and negative binomial models. Our results show that income losses due to the COVID-19 restrictive measures had pushed households into a more severe food insecurity and less diverse nutritional outcomes. Regarding wealth effects, livestock ownership significantly cushioned households from falling into a more severe food insecurity amid the pandemic. We found that because of the pandemic’s indiscriminate effect across communities, the potential of social capital as an informal support mechanism might have been eroded to enable households to cope with shocks. Furthermore, safety net programs by the government and NGOs did not provide significant protection to households from falling into severe food insecurity and malnutrition amid the pandemic. We suggest three policy propositions – prioritize investment in local job creation to curb income loss; build the wealth base of households (e.g., land tenure security or livestock) to enhance resilience to shocks; and target safety nets and other social support programs spatially, temporally, and across social groups to enhance the effectiveness of such programs amid shocks.

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Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria

et al. 2022

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“…Household expenditure incurred is divided into food and non-food expenditures [26][27][28]. Food and nonfood expenditure are calculated using the average monthly expenditure, as presented in Table 2.…”

Section: Household Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Food security of lowland rice farmers to support sustainable food development in Parigi Moutong District, Indonesia

Rauf,

Erny,

Damayanti

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Food security is focused on increasing food availability, strengthening food distribution, accelerating food diversification and monitoring food safety. Indicators of household food security are reflected by household income, the proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure and energy adequacy figures. This study aims to (1) analyze household food security and (2) analyze the relationship between income and food security. The research data consisted of primary and secondary data, with 65 rice farming households as respondents. Sampling technique with a simple random method. The average total expenditure for household food consumption is IDR.1,387,331,-/month with a proportion of expenditure of 54% per month. The average non-food expenditure is IDR.1,192,262.-/month, with a lack of food category (> 60%). There are 47 households, with 72.30% belonging to the household group whose energy absorption is still lacking and can be interpreted as food inadequate; 18 households, with a proportion of 27.69%, are included in the household group with sufficient energy absorption. There is a correlation or relationship between income and the level of food security indicated by the value of α (0.037 <0.05).

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“…We adopt a livelihood approach (DFID, 1999) for our analysis, focusing on four key livelihood enhancing variables-income, wealth endowments, social capital, and government/NGOs support programs-and how the changes in these variables during COVID-19 were associated with the severity of food insecurity and dietary diversity of households. Studies have shown that economic shocks in the context of income decline can adversely affect household food security, especially for the poor (Akter and Basher, 2014;Smith et al, 2018;Rufai et al, 2021). In contrast, increases in household incomes play a significant role in access to food, promoting both adequate consumption and dietary diversity (Deaton and Deaton, 2020;Manda et al, 2020).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Have households’ livelihoods and food security rebounded from COVID-19 shocks in Nigeria? Results from a follow-up phone survey

Balana¹,

Oyeyemi²,

Ogunniyi³

et al. 2021

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The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on households' income, jobs, and food security have continued despite perceptible reductions in transmission and lifting of restrictive policy measures in several countries.To assess these effects on Nigerian households, we collected household data for the initial three months after the outbreak of the pandemic in Nigeria. To track the changes since the first survey, we conducted a follow-up phone survey with the same households a year later. We undertook a comparative analysis between the two surveys focusing on income loss, job loss, food security, and dietary diversity. The study also investigated how changes in income, wealth endowments, social capital, safety net programs, and recurrent conflicts affected the severity of food insecurity amid the pandemic. We found that both income and jobs have rebounded by 50 percentage points compared to the baseline results. In terms of food insecurity, households in a "severely food insecure" situation dropped to 65 percent in the follow up survey compared to 73 percent in the first survey and dietary diversity of households improved by 5-percenatge points in the follow-up survey. However, over 70 percent increase in conflicts were re[ported which affected farm investment decisions in 44 percent of smallholder farmers surveyed. While income loss significantly worsened households' food insecurity; livestock ownership and social capital cushioned many households from falling into a more severe food insecurity. However, safety net programs did not significantly protect households from falling into severe food insecurity amid the pandemic. We suggest four policy propositions: prioritize investment in job creation to curb income loss; enable households to build their wealth base (e.g., land tenure security or livestock) to enhance resilience to shocks; revisit the effectiveness of safety net programs; and finally, devise and implement conflict resolutions to induce investment and enhance productivity.

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Does economic shocks influence household's healthcare expenditure? Evidence from rural Nigeria

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

COVID-19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria

COVID-19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria

Food security of lowland rice farmers to support sustainable food development in Parigi Moutong District, Indonesia

Have households’ livelihoods and food security rebounded from COVID-19 shocks in Nigeria? Results from a follow-up phone survey

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