“…Learning can also help improve fitness even when spatial movement processes are not directly tied to foraging (e.g., territorial defense, migration, reproduction) (Box 2). For example, learning can provide advantages in dominance interactions (Kokko et al, 2006), efficiency of movement (Stamps, 1995), effective escape from predators (Brown, 2001), and large-scale dispersal decisions (Barry et al, 2020), all of which can translate into fitness benefits (Brown et al, 2008;Patrick and Weimerskirch, 2017). For territorial species, learning can influence how conflicts drive pattern formation (Stamps andKrishnan, 1999, 2001;Sih and Mateo, 2001) and alter strategies for territorial defense Schlägel and Lewis, 2014;Schlägel et al, 2017).…”