Does deregulation in community pharmacy impact accessibility of medicines, quality of pharmacy services and costs? Evidence from nine European countries

Vogler, Sabine; Habimana, Katharina; Arts, Danielle

doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.06.001

Cited by 41 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The country large study by Vogler et al (2014) reveals that in countries having adopted deregulation policies (in primis Norway and Sweden, but also England, The Netherlands and Ireland) the number of pharmacies increased. However, the newly opened pharmacies were mostly concentrated in urban areas, which already had a high number of pharmacies in the pre-reform period, while no indications of improved accessibility in rural areas were found.…”

Section: Deregulation and Spatial Accessibility To Community Pharmaciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, access to primary healthcare in the Province of Cuneo in Piedmont, Italy has been found to be lower in its mountainous areas than in the plains (Perez and Decoupigny, 2009). To guarantee more equitable access to pharmaceuticals, single nations have adopted different legislative and regulatory strategies (WHO, 2001;Vogler et al, 2014). In Italy, a new deregulatory reform became law (Italian Republic, 2012) in 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Domnich¹,

Arata²,

Amicizia³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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Geographical accessibility is an important determinant for the utilisation of community pharmacies. The present study explored patterns of spatial accessibility with respect to pharmacies in Liguria, Italy, a region with particular geographical and demographic features. Municipal density of pharmacies was proxied as the number of pharmacies per capita and per km 2 , and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to identify spatial clusters. Both non-spatial and spatial models were constructed to predict the study outcome. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a highly significant clustered pattern in the density of pharmacies per capita (I=0.082) and per km 2 (I=0.295). Potentially under-supplied areas were mostly located in the mountainous hinterland. Ordinary least-squares (OLS) regressions established a significant positive relationship between the density of pharmacies and income among municipalities located at high altitudes, while no such association was observed in lower-lying areas. However, residuals of the OLS models were spatially auto-correlated. The best-fitting mixed geographically weighted regression (GWR) models outperformed the corresponding OLS models. Pharmacies per capita were best predicted by two local predictors (altitude and proportion of immigrants) and two global ones (proportion of elderly residents and income), while the local terms population, mean altitude and rural status and the global term income functioned as independent variables predicting pharmacies per km 2 . The density of pharmacies in Liguria was found to be associated with both socio-economic and landscape factors. Mapping of mixed GWR results would be helpful to policy-makers.

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Section: Deregulation and Spatial Accessibility To Community Pharmaciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Domnich¹,

Arata²,

Amicizia³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Pharmacist partnership is allowed in many countries such as United States, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, England, Sweden and Iceland. 4,6,7 In some countries like Spain, Finland, Austria, Denmark, Belgium, France, Portugal and Italy pharmacist partnership is only permitted under certain conditions. Beside to this, pharmacist partnership is not allowed in countries, which have restrictive regulations about pharmacy ownership such as Germany and Turkey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The competitive structure of community pharmacy sector might prompt pharmacists to pay attention for business issues more than health issues. 7 Similar to all businesses, community pharmacists must protect their profitability to continue their profession functions. In this context, partnerships are thought as a solution for taking market advantage in community pharmacy sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Community Pharmacists’ Intention to Pharmacist Partnership Using the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Structural Equation Model

Arslan¹,

Tarhan²,

Şar³

2017

IJPER

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“…Health economics and therapeutic pathways 2015; 16 (1) Impact of new healthcare legislation and price policy on healthcare services provider at the time of financial crisis. A 10 years study economic pressure [5]. Furthermore, healthcare market has been deregulated in such a way that revenues are diminished for the new participants entering the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of new healthcare legislation and price policy on healthcare services provider at the time of financial crisis. A 10 years study

Malovecka

Papargyris

Mináriková

et al. 2015

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Monitoring, calculation and assessment of healthcare services prosperity in the community pharmacy with the help of financial analysis indicators for the years 2003-2012, using financial statements was conducted, with respect to profitability, debt, liquidity, working capital, and efficiency parameters. These ratios reflect various changes that hold between years 2003 and 2012. Under the time of financial crisis, recession and serious socio-economic changes the profitability parameter Gross Profit ranged from 2003-2011 = 16.12-22.79% (average = 19.20%; mean = 19.78%; σ = 2.41), but in 2012 decreased on 14.35%. Net Profit ranged 2003-2011 = 10.96-18.3% (average = 14.62%; mean = 16.62%; σ = 4.92), while in 2012 reached only 2.29%. Debt ratio ranged from 2003-2012= 2.33-4.81 (average = 3.44; mean = 3.07; σ = 0.82). Liquidity parameters Current Ratio spread between 2003-2012 = 1.13-1.71 (average = 1.43; mean = 1.46; σ = 0.15) and Quick Ratio spread between 2003-2012 = 0.72-1.27 (average = 1.07; mean = 1.09; σ = 0.15). Working Capital Ratio ranged from 2003-2012 = 2.66-12.94 (average = 9.58; mean = 10.06; σ = 3.1) and efficiency ratios were measured either. All changes that have taken place in the society had an impact on community pharmacy finance by worsening its profitability, liquidity, working capital and some of efficiency parameters. Therefore the stability of community pharmacy may be threatened and may affect its future performance.

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Does deregulation in community pharmacy impact accessibility of medicines, quality of pharmacy services and costs? Evidence from nine European countries

Cited by 41 publications

References 43 publications

Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Examination of the Community Pharmacists’ Intention to Pharmacist Partnership Using the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Structural Equation Model

Impact of new healthcare legislation and price policy on healthcare services provider at the time of financial crisis. A 10 years study

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