Does depth of processing affect temporal contiguity?

Temporal Attention Modulates EEG Spectral Correlates of Successful Memory Encoding

“…However, we observed greater levels of temporal clustering among participants in the single-task condition than those in the dual-task condition, t(59) = 2.5, p = .02, d = .70. This result is consistent with previous reports comparing temporal clustering between single-and dual-task encoding conditions (Mundorf, Uitvlugt, & Healey, 2022;Healey, Long, & Kahana, 2019). No significant differences in FTA were observed between the encoding conditions, t(59) = .69, p = .5, d = .21.…”

The modulation and elimination of temporal organization in free recall.

“…This was the 95th percentile of the permutation distribution, obtained by sorting the values in the permutation distribution and selecting element 950 out of 1,000.The z -scores reported here are similar to the chance-adjusted temporal factor scores reported by Mundorf et al (2022), in that they indicate where the observed scores fall in units defined by the variability in the permutation distribution. However, Mundorf et al (2022) calculated the z -scores at the level of individual participants’ performance, whereas here we calculate a single z -score at the level of the experiment. This is because here we are interested in using the permutation analysis to assess the sensitivity of the entire experiment to detect temporal organization.The current set of experiments provide a useful opportunity to examine the relative sensitivity and idiosyncrasies of these different measures of temporal organization.…”

“…This is likely because participants engage in self-initiated strategic processing that supports temporal organization. When the orienting task explicitly requires evaluation of the semantic characteristics of an item, this tends to diminish the strength of temporal organization (Long & Kahana, 2017; Mundorf et al, 2022). This could be because the orienting task amplifies the influence of semantic associations, or it could be because it disrupts self-initiated processing of the items.…”

“…This could be because the orienting task amplifies the influence of semantic associations, or it could be because it disrupts self-initiated processing of the items. Mundorf et al (2022) proposed the disruption was due to the latter. They found that temporal organization was disrupted to a similar extent by an orthographic processing task and a semantic task, and that orthographic and semantic tasks produced similar levels of semantic organization.…”

“…Figure 1A shows the strength of temporal organization observed in the different conditions of each experiment, using the percentile-rank temporal organization score. This analysis technique has been used in many studies since its introduction by Polyn et al (2009) (e.g., Healey, 2018; Healey et al, 2018; Lohnas & Kahana, 2014; Morton & Polyn, 2017; Mundorf et al, 2022; Murty et al, 2018; Polyn et al, 2011, 2015; Sahakyan & Kwapil, 2018; Sederberg et al, 2010). The temporal organization score uses the same basic data as the lag-CRP analysis: recall transitions marked with lag distance.…”