Does CRISPR-Cas open new possibilities for patents or present a moral maze?

Webber, Philip

doi:10.1038/nbt.2843

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Although current data seem to indicate that these are not a major obstacle, a better characterization of Cas9 cleavage is required before the technology is used in humans. Ethical considerations are a second outstanding issue (124). The possibility of modifying the germline-in particular the human germline-should be weighed carefully.…”

Section: Sequence-specific Antimicrobialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR-Cas: New Tools for Genetic Manipulations from Bacterial Immunity Systems

Jiang

Marraffini

2015

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

171

152

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Prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas loci encode proteins that function as an adaptive immune system against infectious viruses and plasmids. Immunity is mediated by Cas nucleases and small RNA guides, which specify a cleavage site within the genome of the invader. In type II CRISPR-Cas systems, the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease cleaves the DNA. Cas9 can be reprogrammed to create double-strand DNA breaks in the genomes of a variety of organisms, from bacteria to human cells. Repair of Cas9 lesions by homologous recombination or nonhomologous end joining mechanisms can lead to the introduction of specific nucleotide substitutions or indel mutations, respectively. Furthermore, a nuclease-null Cas9 has been developed to regulate endogenous gene expression and to label genomic loci in living cells. Targeted genome editing and gene regulation mediated by Cas9 are easy to program, scale, and multiplex, allowing researchers to decipher the causal link between genetic and phenotypic variation. In this review, we describe the most notable applications of Cas9 in basic biology, translational medicine, synthetic biology, biotechnology, and other fields.

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Section: Sequence-specific Antimicrobialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR-Cas: New Tools for Genetic Manipulations from Bacterial Immunity Systems

Jiang

Marraffini

2015

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

171

152

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“…CRISPR/Cas9 technology has also been adapted to generate mutant miRNA binding sites (Bassett et al, 2014) and its interference platform (CRISPRi) imparts a complementary approach to RNAi (Larson et al, 2013; Qi et al, 2013; Kumar and Jain, 2015). CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing technology opens a door to human therapeutic applications by generating synthetic proteins translated from or independent of artificial genes associated with transgenic plants (Webber, 2014).…”

Section: Insights On Crispr/cas9 Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Mining by Pluralistic Approach on CRISPR Gene Editing in Plants

et al. 2019

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Genome engineering by site-specific nucleases enables reverse genetics and targeted editing of genomes in an efficacious manner. Contemporary revolutionized progress in targeted-genome engineering technologies based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-related RNA-guided endonucleases facilitate coherent interrogation of crop genome function. Evolved as an innate component of the adaptive immune response in bacterial and archaeal systems, CRISPR/Cas system is now identified as a versatile molecular tool that ensures specific and targeted genome modification in plants. Applications of this genome redaction tool-kit include somatic genome editing, rectification of genetic disorders or gene therapy, treatment of infectious diseases, generation of animal models, and crop improvement. We review the utilization of these synthetic nucleases as precision, targeted-genome editing platforms with the inherent potential to accentuate basic science “strengths and shortcomings” of gene function, complement plant breeding techniques for crop improvement, and charter a knowledge base for effective use of editing technology for ever-increasing agricultural demands. Furthermore, the emerging importance of Cpf1, Cas9 nickase, C2c2, as well as other innovative candidates that may prove more effective in driving novel applications in crops are also discussed. The mined data has been prepared as a library and opened for public use at www.lipre.org .

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“… 2015 ). Webber noted an emerging legal debate surrounding the patentability of CRISPR-Cas modified genes (Webber 2014 ). Finally, Pollack and Lander examined the clinical ethics of this technology and cited concerns over the safety, cost–benefit analysis, possible applications in eugenics, and moral grayness inherent to genetic modification of human life (Lander 2015 ; Pollack 2015 ).…”

Section: Crispr-cas Germline Editing Raises Ethical Dilemmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Germline CRISPR-Cas Modification: Toward a Regulatory Framework

Evitt

Mascharak

Altman

2015

The American Journal of Bioethics

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CRISPR germline editing therapies (CGETs) hold unprecedented potential to eradicate hereditary disorders. However, the prospect of altering the human germline has sparked a debate over the safety, efficacy, and morality of CGETs, triggering a funding moratorium by the NIH. There is an urgent need for practical paths for the evaluation of these capabilities. We propose a model regulatory framework for CGET research, clinical development, and distribution. Our model takes advantage of existing legal and regulatory institutions but adds elevated scrutiny at each stage of CGET development to accommodate the unique technical and ethical challenges posed by germline editing.

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Does CRISPR-Cas open new possibilities for patents or present a moral maze?

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

CRISPR-Cas: New Tools for Genetic Manipulations from Bacterial Immunity Systems

CRISPR-Cas: New Tools for Genetic Manipulations from Bacterial Immunity Systems

Data Mining by Pluralistic Approach on CRISPR Gene Editing in Plants

Human Germline CRISPR-Cas Modification: Toward a Regulatory Framework

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