Does Combat Experience Foster Organizational Skill: Evidence from Ethnic Cleansing During the Partition of South Asia

Jha, Saumitra; Wilkinson, Steven I.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.1739812

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Notice first that most towns in the sample analyzed above experienced at least one riot over the 145-year period, including a majority of medieval trading ports. Yet, Jha and Wilkinson (2012) find that though districts that raised troops that acquired more combat experience tended to have greater ethnic cleansing of their ethnic minorities, districts with medieval ports that experienced such organizational shocks reveal significantly less ethnic cleansing during the Partition. municipal income per capita.…”

Section: Placebos and Robustnessmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Figure 3 compares the timing of the first failure of interethnic peace among the same sample of towns, using data on religious violence through 1995 from Varshney and Wilkinson (2004). One key difference between the two periods is the forced migration of 17.9 million people, mainly minorities, during the Partition (Bharadwaj, Khwaja, and Mian 2008;Jha and Wilkinson 2012). Though tragic, the latter finding adds confidence that the sample of medieval ports were log.…”

Section: Placebos and Robustnessmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Trade, Institutions, and Ethnic Tolerance: Evidence from South Asia

Jha¹

2013

Am Polit Sci Rev

Self Cite

207

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I provide evidence that the degree to which medieval Hindus and Muslims could provide complementary, nonreplicable services and a mechanism to share the gains from exchange has resulted in a sustained legacy of ethnic tolerance in South Asian towns. Due to Muslim-specific advantages in Indian Ocean shipping, interethnic complementarities were strongest in medieval trading ports, leading to the development of institutional mechanisms that further supported interethnic exchange. Using novel town-level data spanning South Asia's medieval and colonial history, I find that medieval ports, despite being more ethnically mixed, were five times less prone to Hindu-Muslim riots between 1850 and 1950, two centuries after Europeans disrupted Muslim overseas trade dominance, and remained half as prone between 1950 and 1995. Household-level evidence suggests that these differences reflect local institutions that emerged to support interethnic medieval trade, continue to influence modern occupational choices and organizations, and substitute for State political incentives in supporting interethnic trust.

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Section: Placebos and Robustnessmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Placebos and Robustnessmentioning

confidence: 96%

Trade, Institutions, and Ethnic Tolerance: Evidence from South Asia

Jha¹

2013

Am Polit Sci Rev

Self Cite

207

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Culture is both persistent and malleable, being shaped by direct experience of individuals and societies, such as exposure to social and political dislocations, economic downturns (Giuliano and Spilimbergo, 2014) or combat participation (Jha and Wilkinson, 2012). Of particular significance is experience gained in individuals' formative years, from youth to early adulthood (Mannheim, 1927), which define distinctive 'collective memory' of generations (Mishler and Rose, 2007).…”

Section: Culture As Legacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronicles of a democracy postponed

Gaber

Polishchuk

Sokolov

et al. 2018

Econ of Transit and Inst Chang

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We explain a lack of civic culture in today's Russia, closely related to a democratic deficit in the country, by a path dependency which has originated at the critical juncture of transition to market economy. Suppression of democracy in the early 1990s to expedite unpopular reform exposed the new institutional order to oligarchic capture and set in motion a vicious circle of extractive economic and political institutions. The latter have been shaping views and attitudes in the society via institutional learning, continuously suppressing civic culture and solidifying social foundations for extractive institutions. We present evidence from the World Values Survey supporting the above conclusions.

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“…Beyond the United States, serving in the armed forces has been connected to higher subsequent levels of aggression (Galiani, Rossi, and Schargrodsky ). Looking at patterns of violence in post‐partition South Asia, Jha and Wilkinson (:4–5) show that districts witnessing higher levels of ethnic cleansing were also those where members of predominant ethnic groups previously gained greater combat experience during the Second World War . This seemingly greater comfort with violence may thus lead veterans to express higher levels of support for torture compared to less coercive interrogation techniques.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Martial Law? Military Experience, International Law, and Support for Torture

Wallace

2013

Int Stud Q

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A large body of work points to diverging civil–military views on the initial decision to use force, yet there is little sense if similar differences hold over appropriate conduct in the midst of armed conflict. The rise of international laws governing behavior during war has similarly raised the question of whether these rules can shape the beliefs of various domestic actors. This paper seeks to address both gaps in the literature by leveraging the use of experiments embedded in a pair of US national surveys to examine the impact of international law and military experience on individual attitudes toward torture. The results show veterans are significantly more likely to support torture compared to civilians without any prior military background. International law further reduces civilian support for torture, while veterans are largely unaffected by general legal appeals. However, when facing highly precise rules, or where the threat of punishment is delegated to third parties, more legalized agreements can significantly reduce veteran support for torture. The results have implications for the study of institutional design, the differential effects of legal norms on nonstate actors, and the potential for greater awareness of the laws of war to influence attitudes toward wartime violence.

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Does Combat Experience Foster Organizational Skill: Evidence from Ethnic Cleansing During the Partition of South Asia

Cited by 30 publications

References 46 publications

Trade, Institutions, and Ethnic Tolerance: Evidence from South Asia

Trade, Institutions, and Ethnic Tolerance: Evidence from South Asia

Chronicles of a democracy postponed

Martial Law? Military Experience, International Law, and Support for Torture

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