Does Code Switching Take Time? a Comparison of Results in Experimental and Natural Settings, with Some Implications for Bilingual Language Processing

Timm, Lenora A.

doi:10.1177/073998638300500402

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In more natural circumstances, there may be no switch costs. This is supported by studies in production (Grosjean & Miller, 1994;Timm, 1983). It is possible that more naturalistic studies of comprehending mixed passages may also reveal an absence of switch costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Language Switching Costs in Bilingual Visual Word Recognition

Thomas¹,

Allport

2000

Journal of Memory and Language

177

217

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Language Switching Costs in Bilingual Visual Word Recognition

Thomas¹,

Allport

2000

Journal of Memory and Language

177

217

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“…Corpus studies show that there are many communities of bilinguals who code-switch frequently between two languages (e.g., Pfaff, 1979; Poplack, 1980; Lipski, 1985). A study of pauses during one bilingual’s free speech suggests that code-switched utterances exhibit pauses in comparable quantity and duration as compared to unilingual speech (Timm, 1983). Not all groups of bilinguals choose to code-switch within sentences, but all bilinguals have experience switching languages between sentences, making inter-sentential switching the most common form of code-switching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Language Switching has No Apparent Cost: Lexical Access in Sentence Context

Gullifer¹,

Kroll²,

Dussias³

2013

Front. Psychol.

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We report two experiments that investigate the effects of sentence context on bilingual lexical access in Spanish and English. Highly proficient Spanish-English bilinguals read sentences in Spanish and English that included a marked word to be named. The word was either a cognate with similar orthography and/or phonology in the two languages, or a matched non-cognate control. Sentences appeared in one language alone (i.e., Spanish or English) and target words were not predictable on the basis of the preceding semantic context. In Experiment 1, we mixed the language of the sentence within a block such that sentences appeared in an alternating run in Spanish or in English. These conditions partly resemble normally occurring inter-sentential code-switching. In these mixed-language sequences, cognates were named faster than non-cognates in both languages. There were no effects of switching the language of the sentence. In Experiment 2, with Spanish-English bilinguals matched closely to those who participated in the first experiment, we blocked the language of the sentences to encourage language-specific processes. The results were virtually identical to those of the mixed-language experiment. In both cases, target cognates were named faster than non-cognates, and the magnitude of the effect did not change according to the broader context. Taken together, the results support the predictions of the Bilingual Interactive Activation + Model (Dijkstra and van Heuven, 2002) in demonstrating that bilingual lexical access is language non-selective even under conditions in which language-specific cues should enable selective processing. They also demonstrate that, in contrast to lexical switching from one language to the other, inter-sentential code-switching of the sort in which bilinguals frequently engage, imposes no significant costs to lexical processing.

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“…To date, much of the research on bilingual language switching has involved the analysis of conversational speech recorded from bilingual speakers and has focused on the points in an utterance at which unintentional or "spontaneous" shifts from one language to the other occur (e.g. BerkSeligson, 1986;Clyne, 1980Clyne, , 1987Pfaff, 1979;Poplack, 1980;Sridhar & Sridhar, 1980;Timm, 1983). The first experimental study of intentional (or experimenter-cued) switching of spoken language, in which the time costs of switching were studied, was reported by Kolers (1966Kolers ( , 1968.…”

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confidence: 97%