“…warming between 1991 and 2021 was greater than that of 0.2°C on average per decade that occurred during the period between 1961 and 1990. At the same time, above-normal rainfall prevailed in the Sahel region, the Rift Valley, the central Nile basin, Northeast Africa, the Kalahari Basin, and the lower Congo River, while dry conditions prevailed along the southeastern part of the continent, in Madagascar, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea and in northwestern Africa (WMO, 2020). From the point of view of the literature, extreme drought and unfavorable climatic conditions have effects on economic growth (Kalkuhl & Wenz, 2020;Smith & Ubilava, 2017), mortality (Emediegwu & Ubabukoh, 2023) and conflicts (Ateba et al, 2023;Koubi, 2019;Harari & Ferrara, 2018).…”