Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence

Owen, Christopher G.; Martin, Richard M; Whincup, Peter H; Smith, George Davey; Cook, Derek G

doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1043

Cited by 374 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Observational studies examining longterm benefits provide strong evidence of reduced blood cholesterol levels (21,22) , raising the possibility that moves to reduce cholesterol levels in early life may not be beneficial for long-term cholesterol metabolism (66)(67)(68) . Those breast-fed have also been shown to have lower risk of diabetes and marginally lower insulin levels in later life, although further studies examining these latter associations with follow-up in adult life are needed (41) . Effects of early feeding on blood pressure and adiposity have been observed, but evidence suggests that small study/publication bias and confounding factors may largely account for these associations (36,37,48) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

2011

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This paper considers the body of observational evidence examining the association of being breast-fed to cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life, and whether any potentially advantageous findings are causal. Early cardiovascular consequences/correlates of breastfeeding, compared to being formula fed, include markedly higher levels of total blood cholesterol, lower levels of pre-prandial blood glucose and insulin and lower levels of adiposity. However, a key issue is whether these early differences at a period of rapid development programme/influence cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life. Evidence of longterm effects of early feeding, largely from observational studies, has shown that those breastfed have lower levels of blood total cholesterol, lower risk of type-2 diabetes and marginally lower levels of adiposity and blood pressure in adult life. There is no strong evidence to suggest effects of early feeding on adult levels of blood glucose, blood insulin and CHD outcomes, although further data are needed. However, the influence of confounding factors, such as maternal body size, maternal smoking and socio-demographic factors, and exclusivity of early feeding on these potentially beneficial associations needs to be considered before inferring any causal effects. Moreover, fewer studies have examined whether duration of exclusive breastfeeding has a graded influence on these risk factors and outcomes; such data would help further in deciding upon causal associations. While strong observational evidence suggests nutritional programming of adult cholesterol levels, associations with other markers of cardiometabolic risk and their consequences in later life need to be confirmed in well-conducted observational and experimental studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

2011

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“…Breast feeding has protective effects against the risk of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes. [99][100][101][102] There is preliminary evidence suggesting that breast feeding may also affect the later expression of NAFLD, protecting the liver from the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. 103 …”

Section: Evidence For Liver Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on liver and long-term metabolic risk

Cianfarani

Agostoni

Bedogni³

et al. 2012

Int J Obes

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Intrauterine growth retardation predisposes toward long-term morbidity from type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To explain this association, the concept of programming was introduced to indicate a process whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical period of development has lasting or lifelong consequences on key endocrine and metabolic pathways. Subtle changes in cell composition of tissues, induced by suboptimal conditions in utero, can influence postnatal physiological functions. There is increasing evidence, suggesting that liver may represent one of the candidate organs targeted by programming, undergoing structural, functional and epigenetic changes following exposure to an unfavorable intrauterine environment. The aim of this review is to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying liver programming that contribute to increase the cardiometabolic risk in subjects with intrauterine growth restriction.

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“…It serves as a source of nutrients with excellent bioavailability as well as multiple bioactive substances, contributing to growth, development, and health. Recent studies have made it more evident that breast-feeding may reduce the risk of metabolic disease later in life (1)(2)(3). When the mother's own milk is limited for several reasons, donor HM is advocated over infant formulas as HM is superior to infant formula in terms of immunoprotection and gastrointestinal development (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive peptides released from in vitro digestion of human milk with or without pasteurization

Wada

Lönnerdal

2015

Pediatr Res

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Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence

Abstract: Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, with marginally lower insulin concentrations in later life, and with lower blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in infancy.

Cited by 374 publications

References 44 publications

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on liver and long-term metabolic risk

Bioactive peptides released from in vitro digestion of human milk with or without pasteurization

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