Does a marching band impact college Football game attendance? A panel study of Division II

College football attendance in the long run: The Football Championship Subdivision

“…1 Division II football game-day attendance draws far less attention in the economic literature. These studies generally reach the same conclusions as those for the FBS regarding the importance of economic, demographic, games characteristic and team performance variables (DeSchriver & Jensen, 2002;Natke & Thomas, 2019).…”

“…An inverse relationship has been documented in the college football literature (Falls & Natke, 2014; Falls & Natke, 2017) as well as a positive relationship (Falls & Natke, 2016; Mirabile, 2015). Others found no statistically significant impact for population (DeSchriver & Jensen, 2002; Falls & Natke, 2016; Natke & Thomas, 2019; Paul et al, 2012). Perhaps these conflicting results result from differing measures for population (e.g., city, county, and state), differing football divisions, and differing periods.…”

“…Among them are numerous empirical studies of U.S. college football game‐day attendance. While most of these examine the FBS, and a few study Division II (DeSchriver & Jensen, 2002; Natke & Thomas, 2019), Falls and Natke (2016) is the only study to focus on the FCS. They employ an unbalanced panel data set over 8 years (5050 observations) to estimate regression models including independent variables across four categories: demographic, economic, team performance, and game‐specific characteristics.…”

Stadium Attendance Demand Research: A Scoping Review

“…Although most authors centered their manuscripts around sporting event characteristics, some authors have emphasized the potential role of economic factors, the quality of viewing, and also emerging consumer preferences in explaining the variance in stadium attendance demand. As such, there already exists a significant body of literature on the question of whether television broadcasts serve as a substitute for stadium attendance (e.g., S. Allan, 2004; Baimbridge et al, 1996; Barajas et al, 2019; Kringstad et al, 2018; Nielsen et al, 2019), whether promotions such as bobblehead giveaways, fireworks, and even marching bands, are effective in increasing stadium attendance demand (e.g., Boyd & Krehbiel, 2003; Kappe et al, 2014; McDonald & Rascher, 2000; Natke & Thomas, 2019; Paul et al, 2013), and whether consumer preferences alter in the aftermath of exogenous shocks as diverse as a corruption scandal (Buraimo et al, 2016), an influenza virus outbreak (Gitter, 2017), college football player protests (Watanabe et al, 2019), increasing terror alert levels (Kalist, 2010), or the announcement of performance-enhancing drug violations (Cisyk & Courty, 2017). Interestingly, though frequently included as control variables, only a few authors have centered their study on the potential effects of match fixtures/scheduling (Goller & Krumer, 2020; Krumer, 2020; Paul et al, 2004) or both environmental effects and the weather (e.g., Cairns, 1984; Ge et al, 2020; Ito et al, 2016).…”

“…Although most authors centered their manuscripts around sporting event characteristics, some authors have emphasized the potential role of economic factors, the quality of viewing, and also emerging consumer preferences in explaining the variance in stadium attendance demand. As such, there already exists a significant body of literature on the question of whether television broadcasts serve as a substitute for stadium attendance (e.g., S. Allan, 2004;Baimbridge et al, 1996;Barajas et al, 2019;Kringstad et al, 2018;Nielsen et al, 2019), whether promotions such as bobblehead giveaways, fireworks, and even marching bands, are effective in increasing stadium attendance demand (e.g., Boyd & Krehbiel, 2003;Kappe et al, 2014;McDonald & Rascher, 2000;Natke & Thomas, 2019;, and whether consumer preferences alter in the aftermath of exogenous shocks Figure 4. Dominant themes in stadium attendance demand research.…”