Does a high UV environment ensure adequate Vitamin D status?

Kimlin, Michael G.; Harrison, Simone L.; Nowak, Madeleine; Brodie, Alison; Lang, Carolyn

doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.09.008

Cited by 90 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…12 Australia has a very sunny climate, but vitamin D levels in adults have been shown to be very low in winter. 25 People with pre-existing heart failure often have a sedentary lifestyle, which may result in few hours outdoors with minimal exposure to sunlight. For these people a vitamin D supplementation may reduce their event risk, although a specific trial of this intervention needs to be carried out before supplementation can be recommended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The seasonality in heart failure deaths and total cardiovascular deaths

Barnett

Looper

Fraser

2008

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The seasonality in heart failure deaths and total cardiovascular deaths

Barnett

Looper

Fraser

2008

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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“…Several studies report lower serum 25(OH)D levels in smokers (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10), while others find no significant differences in serum 25(OH)D levels between smokers and non-smokers (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). In the Tromsø study, 1994-1995 (called the Tromsø study in the text that follows), where a relatively new electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) from Roche (called ECLIA (Roche) in the text that follows) was used, smokers had significantly higher serum 25(OH)D levels than non-smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of smoking on the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D depends on the assay employed

Grimnes

Almaas

Eggen³

et al. 2010

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Because we found higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels among smokers than among non-smokers with analyses using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) from Roche, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether this difference between smokers and non-smokers was maintained using other serum 25(OH)D assays. Design: A cross-sectional population-based study on 6932 participants from the Tromsø study, 1994-1995, and one validation study comparing six different serum 25(OH)D assays in 53 non-smokers and 54 smokers were performed. Methods: The association between smoking, season and serum 25(OH)D as measured by ECLIA (Roche) was assessed in the population-based study using general linear models with multivariate adjustments. In the validation study, serum levels of 25(OH)D were analysed with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry assay from two different laboratories, RIA (DiaSorin), HPLC, RIA (IDS) and ECLIA (Roche). T-tests and linear mixed model analyses were performed to compare the serum 25(OH)D levels in smokers and non-smokers within and between the methods. Results: In the population-based study, the serum levels of 25(OH)D using the ECLIA method were 51.9, 53.2 and 72.0 nmol/l in never, former and current smokers (P!0.01). In the validation study, the serum concentration of 25(OH)D was 10.3 nmol/l higher in smokers than in non-smokers (P!0.01) using the ECLIA (Roche), while non-significantly lower serum levels of 25(OH)D were found in smokers using the other five methods. Conclusions: These two studies indicate that the ECLIA (Roche) overestimates serum 25(OH)D levels in smokers by unknown mechanisms. If confirmed, this might have clinical consequences, and the issue needs further exploration.

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“…21 While a small study by Kimlin et al 22 found 10% of a sample of 127 healthy adults in South-East Queensland had serum 25 (OH) D levels below 25 nmol/l (considered deficient) and a further 32% had levels between 25 and 50 nmol/l (considered insufficient), it is not known if this reflects the Queensland population at large. While sunscreen has been suggested to reduce Vitamin D synthesis, 23 several studies have failed to show any evidence that regular use of sunscreen results in Vitamin D deficiency.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and sun protection: The impact of mixed public health messages in Australia

Youl

Janda

Kimlin

2009

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Exposure of the skin to sunlight can cause skin cancer and is also necessary for cutaneous Vitamin D production. Media reports have highlighted the purported health benefits of Vitamin D. Our aim was to examine attitudes and behaviours related to sun protection and Vitamin D. A cross-sectional study of 2,001 residents in Queensland, Australia, aged 20-70 years was undertaken. Information collected included the following: skin cancer risk factors; perceptions about levels of sun exposure required to maintain Vitamin D; belief that sun protection increases risk of Vitamin D deficiency; intention, and actual change in sun protection practices for adults and children. Multivariate models examined predictors of attitudinal and behavioural change. One-third (32%) believed a fair-skinned adult, and 31% thought a child required at least 30 min/day in summer sun to maintain Vitamin D levels. Reductions in sun protection were reported by 21% of adults and 14% of children. Factors associated with the belief that sun protection may result in not obtaining enough Vitamin D included age of 60 years (OR 5 1.35, 95% CI 1.09-1.66) and having skin that tanned easily (OR 5 1.96, 95% CI 1.38-2.78). Participants from low-income households, and those who frequently used sun-protective clothing were more likely to have reduced sun protection practices (OR 5 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.73 and OR 5 1.73, 95% CI 1.36-2.20, respectively). This study provides evidence of reductions in sun protection practices in a population living in a high UV environment. There is an urgent need to refocus messages regarding sun exposure and for continued sun protection practices. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: Vitamin D; skin cancer; sun protection; ultraviolet Vitamin D, commonly referred to as the ''sunshine vitamin'', is required for the preservation of calcium and phosphate blood levels and hence the maintenance of bone health.1 While there are dietary sources of Vitamin D, the main source (over 95%) is through exposure of 7-dehydrocholesteraol in the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation followed by 2 hydroxylation steps.2 It has been estimated that Vitamin D production is maximised following exposure to one-third of a minimal erythemal dose (MED).2 Increasing the surface of the skin exposed to UV radiation also decreases the amount of time required to synthesise a given amount of Vitamin D. It is known that UV-induced DNA damage increases linearly with total exposure to sunlight. However, the concentration of preVitamin D reaches a threshold after less than 1 MED. Thus, increasing exposure of the skin to the sun does not necessarily result in increased Vitamin D production.

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Does a high UV environment ensure adequate Vitamin D status?

Cited by 90 publications

References 18 publications

The seasonality in heart failure deaths and total cardiovascular deaths

The seasonality in heart failure deaths and total cardiovascular deaths

Effect of smoking on the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D depends on the assay employed

Vitamin D and sun protection: The impact of mixed public health messages in Australia

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