“…Students, parents, administrators, and governing bodies expect ever more detailed tracking of student progress, and there is an across-the-board call for action plans to improve student success. However, evidence suggests that even after large expenditures of time and eff ort in transitioning to new methods, only marginal gains in student achievement are obtained (Cummings, Marx, Th ornton, & Kuhl, 1999;Hoellwarth, Moelter, & Knight, 2005;Kohl, Kuo, & Ruskell, 2008). Moreover, there seems to be a divide between those who support increased conceptual understanding and those who strive to develop increased problem-solving skills.…”