Documentation and virtual reconstruction of historical objects in Peru damaged by an earthquake and climatic events

Abstract

Abstract. This paper deals with the possibilities of creating a 3-D model and a visualization technique for a presentation of historical buildings and sites in Peru. The project Nasca/CTU is documenting historical objects by using several techniques. This paper describes the documentation and the visualization of two historical churches (San Jose and San Xavier Churches) and the pre-Hispanic archaeological site La Ciudad Perdida de Huayuri (Abandoned town near Huayuri) in Nasca region by using photogrammetry and remote sensing. Both churches were damaged by an earthquake. We use different process for the documentation of these objects. Firstly, PhotoModeler software was used for the photogrammetric data processing of the acquired images. The subsequent making models of both churches were different too. Google SketchUp software was used for the San Jose Church and the 3-D model of San Xavier Church was created in MicroStation software. While in the modelling of the "Abandoned town" near Huayuri, which was destroyed by a climatic event (El Niño), the terrestrial photogrammetry, satellite data and GNSS measurement were applied. The general output of the project is a thematic map of this archaeological site; C14 method was used for dating.

Landscape Modifications ascribed to El Niño Events in Late pre-Hispanic Coastal Peru

“…14 documents identified by examination of the bibliography of the selected works have been added for the review analysis (Table 2), thus, a total of 70 documents were finally reviewed (Tables 3, 4). [20] WoS, Scopus Urpi Kocha Lagoon (Rio Lurin) Etayo-Cadavid et al ( 2013) [108] WoS, Scopus North and south coast of Moche mouth Hanzalova and Pavelka (2013) [109] Scopus Ciudad Perdida de Huayuri (upper Grande Valley) Macthle and Eitel (2013) [110] WoS, Scopus upper Grance Valley and middle Nazca Valley Kalicki et al ( 2014) [111] Scopus Lomas de Lachay (South of middle Huaura Valley) Nesbitt (2016) [112] WoS Caballo Muerto Archaeological Complex (middle Moche Valley) Caramanica and Koons (2016) [113] WoS, Scopus Pampa de Mocan (middle Jequetepeque Valley) Pavelka et al ( 2016) [114] WoS Cantalloc (upper Nazca Valley) Christol et al (2017) [115] WoS, Scopus West coast of La Leche mouth Wang et al (2017) [116] WoS Salar Grande, Chile Kalicki et al (2018) [117] WoS, Scopus Lomas de Lachay (South of middle Huaura Valley) Delle Rose et al (2019) [23] WoS, Scopus Cahuachi (middle Nazca Valley) Caramanica et al (2020) [118] WoS, Scopus Pampa de Mocan (middle Jequetepeque Valley) Kalicki and Kalicki (2020) [119] WoS Lomas de Lachay (South of middle Huaura Valley) Sandweiss et al (2020) [120] WoS, Scopus Review article Uceda et al (2021) [121] WoS, Scopus Review article Sandweiss and Maasch (2022) [122] WoS, Scopus Review article Rubinatto Serrano et al (2022) [123] WoS, Scopus Rio Muerto and 3 other sites (Moquegua Valley)…”

“…Later, large urban settlements developed in the Late Intermediate Period (1000-1400 CE) within the pampa of Palpa, the most prominent example of which is the so-called Ciudad Perdida de Huayuri that, according to Hanzalova and Pavelka [109], was destroyed by an El Niño event. However, no indications or evidence of such an episode were found in other articles identified by citation database queries (Section 4, Tables 3, 4).…”

High Resolution Drone Surveying of the Pista Geoglyph in Palpa, Peru

“…From both, the satellite imagery and the ground survey, it is obvious that they previously covered a much larger area, which was later destroyed by the episodes of El Niño; line remnants or erosion scars are visible in the area. Thanks to the still intact area that resists El Niño, the geoglyphs and lines remain visible in the Nasca neighbourhood, but they are still threatened [11,24].…”

Monitoring and Modeling of Global Changes: A Geomatics Perspective

“…These models have many practical applications, in addition to the purely aesthetic effect. In close-range photogrammetry, the main focus of 3D visualization is the representation of photogrammetrically reconstructed real objects (Hanzalová and Pavelka 2013). In general, 3D graphics or CAD programs are used here to provide additional elements and graphical editing of the 3D data (Gruen 2008).…”