Documentation and verification of the world extreme wind gust record: 113.3 m/s on Barrow Island, Australia, during passage of tropical cyclone Olivia

Courtney, Joseph B.; Buchan, Susannah J.; Cerveny, Randall S.; Bessemoulin, P.; Peterson, Thomas C.; Torres, José Maria Rubiera; Beven, John L.; King, James Ferguson; Trewin, Blair; Rancourt, Kenneth

doi:10.22499/2.6201.001

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…4b of S16). This is exceeded only by an in situ tower measurement of 113.3 m s 21 at 10-m height in Cyclone Olivia (1996) as it passed over Barrow Island, Australia (Courtney et al 2012). We will show that this apparent discrepancy in the strength of the most extreme wind gusts is likely explained by observational undersampling.…”

Section: A Strength Of the Peak Simulated Wind Gusts And Updraftsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Olivia holds the current official world record for 3-s wind gust at 10 m AGL, measured as 113.3 m s 21 on Barrow Island, 6 km inland and 64 m ASL, as well as 50 km offshore of the mainland. Black et al (1999) and Courtney et al (2012) present a thorough discussion of this record wind gust and show that it occurred as the inner edge of the western eyewall passed over the station. Remarkably, the 5-min mean wind speed during the period of the peak gust was only 41.3 m s 21 , and indeed, the official intensity of Olivia corresponded to a maximum 1-min mean wind speed of only 115 kt.…”

Section: A Strength Of the Peak Simulated Wind Gusts And Updraftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Simulated Dropsondes to Understand Extreme Updrafts and Wind Speeds in Tropical Cyclones

Stern

Bryan

2018

Monthly Weather Review

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Extreme updrafts (≥10 m s−1) and wind gusts (≥90 m s−1) are ubiquitous within the low-level eyewall of intense tropical cyclones (TCs). Previous studies suggest that both of these features are associated with coherent subkilometer-scale vortices. Here, over 100 000 “virtual” dropsonde trajectories are examined within a large-eddy simulation (31.25-m horizontal grid spacing) of a category 5 hurricane in order to gain insight into the nature of these features and to better understand and interpret dropsonde observations. At such a high resolution, profiles of wind speed and vertical velocity from the virtual sondes are difficult to distinguish from those of real dropsondes. PDFs of the strength of updrafts and wind gusts compare well between the simulated and observed dropsondes, as do the respective range of heights over which these features are found. Individual simulated updrafts can be tracked for periods of up to several minutes, revealing structures that are both coherent and rapidly evolving. It appears that the updrafts are closely associated with vortices and wind speed maxima, consistent with previous studies. The peak instantaneous wind gusts in the simulations (up to 150 m s−1) are substantially stronger than have ever been observed. Using the virtual sondes, it is demonstrated that the probability of sampling such extremes is vanishingly small, and it is argued that actual intense TCs might also be characterized by gusts of these magnitudes.

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Section: A Strength Of the Peak Simulated Wind Gusts And Updraftsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: A Strength Of the Peak Simulated Wind Gusts And Updraftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Simulated Dropsondes to Understand Extreme Updrafts and Wind Speeds in Tropical Cyclones

Stern

Bryan

2018

Monthly Weather Review

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“…Air velocity: Standard meteorological wind speed is determined at 10 m above ground and the highest ever air velocity recorded on earth is 113.3 m.s -1 (222). At human level (i.e.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Périard

Eijsvogels²,

Daanen

2021

Physiological Reviews

209

166

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A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat, by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions provided.

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“…Beginning in 2006, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission of Climatology (CCl) has established and maintained a Global Archive of Weather and Climate Extremes (Cerveny et al , ). Since that time, the WMO CCl has empanelled a number of individual evaluations of specific weather extremes (Cerveny et al , ; Quetelard et al , ; Courtney et al , ; El Fadli et al , ). Starting in 2011, the WMO CCl, through an ad hoc evaluation committee, assessed a record sea‐level pressure (SLP) measurement of 1089.4 hPa on 30 December 2004 in Tosontsengel, Mongolia, at 8 am local time (00 UTC).…”

Section: Extreme Value Of Sea‐level Pressure At Tosontsengel Mongoliamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tosontsengel Mongolia world record sea‐level pressure extreme: spatial analysis of elevation bias in adjustment‐to‐sea‐level pressures

Purevjav¹,

Balling

Cerveny

et al. 2014

Intl Journal of Climatology

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A World Meteorological Organization (WMO) committee evaluated the record sea-level pressure (SLP) measurement of 1089.4 hPa on 30 December 2004 in Tosontsengel, Mongolia (1724.6 m). Although instrumentation and data collection procedures were properly followed according to the assessment of the committee, concern was raised regarding the reliability of SLP adjustment from such a high-elevation station. This paper addresses this concern with a number of analyses that look at relationships between SLP extremes and corresponding station elevation and temperature. First, we selected data from stations extracted from the Integrated Surface Database (ISD-Lite) of NOAA's National Climate Data Center. A spatial analysis indicates that elevation shows little to no association (R 2 values essentially zero) to extreme SLP. However, a second analysis between extreme SLP and air temperature indicates that high regionalism exists in spatial correlations (local R 2 ) between those two variables. This relationship to temperature is likely the result of differences in SLP adjustment formulae used around the world. Based on this analysis, on the need to differentiate the SLP values adjusted using extremely cold temperatures (and generally high elevation), and following past WMO SLP guidelines, the WMO Rapporteurs for Climate and Weather Extremes therefore have created two distinct SLP records: (a) highest adjusted SLP (below 750 m), currently 1083.3 hPa recorded on 31 December 1968 at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Russia; and (b) highest adjusted SLP (above 750 m), currently 1089.4 hPa (by Russian method; 1089.1 hPa by WMO formula) on 30 December 2004 in Tosontsengel, Mongolia. Future WMO guidance regarding SLP adjustment may lead to re-evaluation of this and other SLP records.

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Documentation and verification of the world extreme wind gust record: 113.3 m/s on Barrow Island, Australia, during passage of tropical cyclone Olivia

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Using Simulated Dropsondes to Understand Extreme Updrafts and Wind Speeds in Tropical Cyclones

Using Simulated Dropsondes to Understand Extreme Updrafts and Wind Speeds in Tropical Cyclones

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

The Tosontsengel Mongolia world record sea‐level pressure extreme: spatial analysis of elevation bias in adjustment‐to‐sea‐level pressures

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