Documentary Evidence of 17th Century Landcover and Climate Change in Northern China and Mongolia Compared to Modern Spectral Greening Trends

Abstract

Fighting land degradation of semi-arid and climate-sensitive grasslands are among the most urgent tasks of current eco-political agenda. Particularly, northern China and Mongolia are prone to climate-induced surface transformations, which were reinforced by the heavily increased numbers of livestock during the 20th century. Extensive overgrazing and resource exploitation amplified regional climate change effects and triggered intensified land degradation that forced policy-driven interventions to prevent desertification. In the past, however, the regions have been subject to continuous shifts in environmental and socio-cultural and political conditions, which makes it particularly difficult to distinguish into regional anthropogenic impact and global climate change effects. This article presents analyses of historical written sources, palaeoenvironmental data, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) temporal series from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to compare landcover change during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and current spectral greening trends over the period 2001–2020. Results show that decreasing precipitation and temperature records triggered increased land degradation during the late 17th century in the transition zone from northern China and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to Mongolia. From current climate change perspectives, modern vegetation shows enhanced physical vegetation response related to an increase in precipitation (Ptotal) and temperature (T). Vegetation response is strongly related to Ptotal and T and an increase in physical plant condition indicates local to regional grassland recovery compared to the past 20-year average.

Results of the malacological assemblage from the moat of sultan Suleiman’s türbe at Szigetvár (SW Hungary)

“…The demolition of the memorial place may have taken place after the successful siege of Szigetvár, after 1689/1692, at the end of the 17 th century and the beginning of the 18 th century, when the new land use and estate system was established (Gyenizse & Bognár 2014). Based on the significant amount of cold tolerant, Eurosiberian fauna elements a cold climate with significant precipitation characterized the 17 th century, until 1664 (or maybe until 1670), which correlates well with other European and North-Asian climate reconstructions (Helama et al 2004;Dieppois et al 2013;Jakab et al 2021;Kempf 2022). However, it is also unambiguous that the local microclimate had changed already during the period of the filling up of the moat, and mesophilous, later thermophilous species dominated the section.…”