Do the Spanish regions converge? A unit root analysis for the HDI of the Spanish regions

The public sector and convergence with spatial interdependence: empirical evidence from Spain

“…These results confirm the existence of notable spillover effects in human capital and income level per worker and growth. Nevertheless, Montañés and Olmos (2014) identify the existence of different convergence patterns between north and south in Spanish provinces. They suggest that the speed of convergence in income differs among provinces situated in the North and the South of Spain using econometric techniques based on unit root techniques to the human development index and the per capita GDP.…”

GDP growth and convergence determinants in the European Union: a crisp-set analysis

“…This type of convergence is more commonly used in studies analyzing regional data. Examples of convergence studies applied to regional data are those by Carlino andMills (1993, 1996), Loewy and Papell (1996), Carrion-i-Silvestre and German-Soto (2007), Battisti and Di Vaio (2008) and Montañés and Olmos (2014). These studies also use a variety of methodologies.…”

Greenhouse gas emissions convergence in Spain: evidence from the club clustering approach

“…In regard to the regional economic performance, several works suggest that the convergence process of Spanish regions stopped after the 1980s (Leonida and Montolio 2004 ; Tortosa-Ausina et al 2005 ; Castro 2007 ; Diez-Minguela et al 2018 ) and it has given rise to the formation of two convergence clubs or groups of regions (Montolio and Leonida; Tortosa-Ausina et al 2005 ; Montañés and Olmos 2014 ; Diez-Minguela et al 2018 ). Given that income growth and greenhouse gas emissions have been linked at the national level, it is important to test whether this fact holds for Spanish regions; convergence patterns would imply that regional emissions are diverting or converging over time, arising important policy implications in relation to the design of mitigation measures and their economic impact.…”