Do sex-related differences in spatial abilities exist? A multilevel critique with new data.

Gender and Social Facilitation Effects on Computer Competence and Attitudes toward Computers

“…Research into biological differences has suggested that males and females may tend to use differing cognitive strategies while using computers [11], but there is no evidence that either sex is innately superior at this type of task [3]. Additionally, the notion that males may have deep-seated spatial abilities that fit them better for computer use has not been confirmed by research, which has shown that such differences can be trained out within half an hour [12]. On the basis of observations and interviews with Danish teenagers, Elkjaer [3] suggested an explanation of this gender difference in terms of socially constructed gender identities of girls as "guests" in a sphere where boys are perceived as "hosts".…”

Effects of video game playing on measures of spatial performance: Gender effects in late adolescence

“…For example, Hyde (1981) argued, on the basis of a meta-analysis of visual-spatial ability studies, that the magnitude of the difference between males and females is very small. Others (e.g., Caplan, et al, 1985) have argued that the data are very inconsistent and reflect the lack of consensus about the specific skills that comprise visual-spatial abilities and their operationalization.…”

“…Although there appears to be some evidence for a gender difference on tests of spatial skills (e.g., Halpem, 1986;Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974;McGee, 1979), the magnitude of the gender difference, the specificity of the difference with respect to type of spatial skills, and the ages when gender differences emerge have been questioned (e.g., Caplan, MacPherson, & Tobin, 1985;Hyde, 1981). For example, Hyde (1981) argued, on the basis of a meta-analysis of visual-spatial ability studies, that the magnitude of the difference between males and females is very small.…”

United States Air Force Summer Research Program -- 1995. High School Apprenticeship Program Final Reports. Volume 12A. Armstrong Laboratory

“…Over the years many studies have been done regarding spatial ability. Some studies state that there is a large difference in this area and that it is large and consistent, but this is not the case (Caplan 1985). Many researchers find that there are no differences in spatial abilities but do not publish their work due to the low personal gain involved.…”

“…Porteus was a researcher who reported that 99 of his 105 studies received higher scores than females on his maze test. Actually, only 4 of the 105 did outscore the females (Caplan 1985 Analyses, evaluated psychological and physiological effects of the shiftwork. Forward rapid rotation shiftworkers must function at the lowest point of their diumally oriented circadian rhythms when working the night shift.…”