Do pregnant women still smoke? A study of smoking patterns among 261,029 primiparous women in Denmark 1997–2005

Jensen, Kirsten Egebjerg; Jensen, Allan; Nøhr, Bugge; Kjær, Susanne K.

doi:10.1080/00016340802179814

Cited by 57 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, these values remain far from the goal of 2% during pregnancy given by “Healthy People—2010” [8]. After a decreasing trend, the prevalences of smoking in pregnancy were 11% in Canada in 2005 [9], 16% in Denmark in 2005 (among pregnant nulliparous women) [10], and 20% in Australia in 2004 [11]. An opposite trend was registered in Japan where the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy increased from 5.6% in 1991 to 10% in 2001 [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Behaviour before, during, and after Pregnancy: The Effect of Breastfeeding

Lauria¹,

Lamberti²,

Grandolfo³

2012

The Scientific World Journal

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Data for this study were obtained from a population-based follow-up study in 25 Italian Local Health Units (LHUs) to evaluate pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum care in Italy. A sample of 3534 women was recruited and interviewed within a few days of their giving birth and at 3, 6, and 12 months after delivery, by trained interviewers using questionnaires. The objective of the study was to evaluate changes in smoking behaviour from one interview to the next. Of 2546 women who completed the follow-up, smoking prevalences before and during pregnancy were 21.6% and 6.7%; smoking prevalences and smoking relapse at 3, 6, and 12 months were 8.1% and 18.5%, 10.3% and 30.3%, and 10.9% and 32.3%, respectively. Smoking during and after pregnancy was more likely among women who were less educated, single, not attending antenatal classes, employed, and not breastfeeding. The results show that women who are breastfeeding smoke less than not breastfeeding women, even after controlling for other predictors (i.e., smoking relapse at 12 months: OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.94). A low maternal mood increases the risk of smoking relapse within 6 months of about 73%. This study also suggests that prolonged breastfeeding reduces the risk of smoking relapse and that this reduction may be persistent in time. Interventions targeting breastfeeding promotion may also indirectly support smoking cessation, even in absence of specific interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Behaviour before, during, and after Pregnancy: The Effect of Breastfeeding

Lauria¹,

Lamberti²,

Grandolfo³

2012

The Scientific World Journal

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“…The number of pregnant women studied in the stratified analyses was rather low, but at the time of enrollment, the frequency of smoking among pregnant women in Denmark was much higher than today (44), making it very difficult to repeat the study. Also, as the study was conducted before the mandatory iodine fortification of salt in Denmark (32), the pregnant women suffered from mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, which makes iodide transport by NIS or other placental iodide transporters more sensitive to the competitive inhibition by thiocyanate.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroglobulin in smoking mothers and their newborns at delivery suggests autoregulation of placental iodide transport overcoming thiocyanate inhibition

Andersen

Nøhr

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Background: Placental transport of iodide is required for fetal thyroid hormone production. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates active iodide transport into the thyroid and the lactating mammary gland and is also present in placenta. NIS is competitively inhibited by thiocyanate from maternal smoking, but compensatory autoregulation of iodide transport differs between organs. The extent of autoregulation of placental iodide transport remains to be clarified. Objective: To compare the impact of maternal smoking on thyroglobulin (Tg) levels in maternal serum at delivery and in cord serum as markers of maternal and fetal iodine deficiency. Methods: One hundred and forty healthy, pregnant women admitted for delivery and their newborns were studied before the iodine fortification of salt in Denmark. Cotinine in urine and serum classified mothers as smokers (nZ50) or nonsmokers (nZ90). The pregnant women reported on intake of iodine-containing supplements during pregnancy and Tg in maternal serum at delivery and in cord serum were analyzed. Results: In a context of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, smoking mothers had significantly higher serum Tg than nonsmoking mothers (mean Tg smokers 40.2 vs nonsmokers 24.4 mg/l, PZ0.004) and so had their respective newborns (cord Tg 80.2 vs 52.4 mg/l, PZ0.006), but the ratio between Tg in cord serum and maternal serum was not significantly different in smokers compared with nonsmokers (smoking 2.06 vs nonsmoking 2.22, PZ0.69). Conclusion: Maternal smoking increased the degree of iodine deficiency in parallel in the mother and the fetus, as reflected by increased Tg levels. However, placental iodide transport seemed unaffected despite high thiocyanate levels, suggesting that thiocyanate-insensitive iodide transporters alternative to NIS are active or that NIS in the placenta is autoregulated to keep iodide transport unaltered.

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“…The results in the current study showed a quit rate of 24.5% to 32.2% in pregnant smokers and 24.1% to 31.8% in non-pregnant smokers. From 1997 to 2005 an average of 13.4% of the pregnant smokers in Denmark stopped smoking [13]. Compared to these numbers, the effect of the GSP is very high and seems to be an effective intervention for pregnant smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2005, the prevalence of women smoking at some point during their pregnancy was 16% on average in Denmark [13], which had decreased from 22% in 1997. From 1997 to 2005 there was a markedly higher smoking prevalence for pregnant women under the age of 25 years [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programmes (GSP) for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

Rasmussen

Heitmann

Tønnesen

2013

IJERPH

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Background: Smoking is considered the most important preventable risk factor in relation to the development of complications during pregnancy and delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive 6-week gold standard programme (GSP) on pregnant women in real life. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study based on data from a national Danish registry on smoking cessation interventions. The study population included 10,682 women of a fertile age. The pregnancy status of the study population was identified using the National Patient Registry. Results: The response rate to follow up was 76%. The continuous abstinence rate for both pregnant and non-pregnant smokers was 24–32%. The following prognostic factors for continuous abstinence were identified: programme format (individual/group), older age, heavy smoking, compliance with the programme, health professional recommendation, and being a disadvantaged smoker. Conclusions: The GSP seems to be as effective among pregnant smokers as among non-pregnant smoking women. Due to the relatively high effect and clinical significance, the GSP would be an attractive element in smoking cessation intervention among pregnant women.

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Do pregnant women still smoke? A study of smoking patterns among 261,029 primiparous women in Denmark 1997–2005

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Smoking Behaviour before, during, and after Pregnancy: The Effect of Breastfeeding

Smoking Behaviour before, during, and after Pregnancy: The Effect of Breastfeeding

Thyroglobulin in smoking mothers and their newborns at delivery suggests autoregulation of placental iodide transport overcoming thiocyanate inhibition

Effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programmes (GSP) for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

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