Do porcine parvoviruses 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) have an impact on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia in pigs?

Miłek, Dagmara; Woźniak, Aleksandra; Podgórska, Katarzyna; Stadejek, Tomasz

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108613

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The most recent European PPV prevalence studies undertaken in Poland (2015–2017) on 19 pig farms detecting PPV1‐6 genotypes reported a high prevalence of PPV2 (69%), PPV5 (28%) and PPV6 (32%) in sera with lower levels of PPV3 and PPV4, and due to vaccination a very low level of PPV1 notably, however, oral fluid levels detected higher levels of virus (Miłek et al, 2019). A study on 8 farms with non‐acute PCVAD pig serum samples (2014–2017) reported a significant higher level of PCV2 virus detected when co‐infected with PPV7 (Miłek et al, 2020). Assessments of the prevalence of novel PPVs and correlation to PCV2 genotypes showed a high prevalence of PPV2 occurring where the vaccine evading PCV2d genotype was detected (Opriessnig et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐infection status of novel parvovirus’s (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus‐associated disease from 1997 to 2012

Lagan

Staines

Gordon³

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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As global pig health diseases, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) generate substantial economic losses despite pigs been vaccinated against the primary causative virus, highlighting the importance of understanding virome interactions and specifically co-factor infections. Established primary endemic pathogens for PRDC include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and swine influenza virus (SIV), and PCV2 aetiology in interaction with other co-infecting viruses can result in PCVAD.Porcine parvovirus (PPV) 1 is a well-characterized virus with an available vaccine preventing reproductive failure in sows. However, whilst novel PPV 2 to 7 viruses have been identified since 2001, their viral pathogenic potential in clinical and subclinical disease remains to be determined. Therefore, this study has sought to develop a better understanding of their potential role as associated co-infections in PRDC and PCVAD by examining archival samples for the presence of PCV2 and the novel parvoviruses PPV2-4 from clinically diseased pigs across production age stages. Epidemiologically, the novel PPV2 was found to be the most prevalent within the fattener age group with PPV2-4 statistically associated with pig respiratory disease and enteric ulcers. Additionally, statistical modelling by latent class analysis (LCA) on veterinary pathology scored pigs found a clustering co-factor association between PPV2 and PCV2, suggesting the novel PPV may be involved in PRDC and PCVAD. Phylogenetic analysis of novel PPVs revealed the PPV2 capsid evolution to be diverged from the original strains with a low nucleotide homology of 88%-96% between two distinct clades. These findings determine that novel PPV 2-4 viruses are statistically associated as co-infectors in a diseased pig population, and significantly detected PPV2 clustering co-infection frequency with PCV2 in PRDC and PCVAD diseased pigs through LCA analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐infection status of novel parvovirus’s (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus‐associated disease from 1997 to 2012

Lagan

Staines

Gordon³

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The prevalence of PPV7 ranged from 8.6 to 61.5% ( 2 , 9 , 11 , 17 – 20 ). In our study of pigs from Hunan, China, the prevalence of PPV7 for both PCV3 negative and positive serum samples combined was 23% (48/209), and the prevalence in sow serum samples with or without RF was 24.7% (47/190).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent studies, the level of PCV2 viremia was greater in serum samples that were positive for PPV1 and PPV7 than in those that were negative for PPVs ( 9 , 10 ). Furthermore, there was a correlation between the Ct values of PPV7 and PCV2 ( 11 ). As a consequence, we inferred that, in addition to PPV1, PPV7 may potentially act as a co-factor infection by stimulating the replication of PCV2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Co-infection Status of Novel Porcine Parvovirus 7 With Porcine Circovirus 3 in Sows That Experienced Reproductive Failure

et al. 2021

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Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) and porcine circoviruses (PCVs) infect pigs worldwide, with PPV1–7 and PCV2 infections common in pigs. Although PPV7 was only identified in 2016, co-infection of PPV7 and PCV2 is already common, and PPV7 may stimulate PCV2 replication. PCV3, a novel type of circovirus, is prevalent in pig populations worldwide and considered to cause reproductive disorders and dermatitis nephrotic syndrome. In recent studies, pigs were commonly infected with both PCV3 and PPV7. Our objective was to investigate the co-infections between PPV7 and PCV3 in samples from swine on farms in Hunan, China, and assess the potential impacts of PPV7 on PCV3 viremia. A total of 209 samples, known to be positive (105) or negative (104) for PCV3, were randomly selected from serum samples that were collected from commercial swine herds in seven regions from 2016 to 2018 in our previous studies; these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect PPV7. Of these samples, 23% (48/209) were positive for PPV7. Furthermore, the PPV7 positive rate was significantly higher in PCV3 positive serum (31.4%, 33/105) than in PCV3 negative serum (14.4%, 15/104). Another 62 PCV3 positive sow serum samples and 20 PCV3 positive aborted fetuses were selected from 2015 to 2016 in our other previous study. These samples were designated as being from farms with or without long-standing histories of reproductive failure (RF or non-RF), respectively, and they were also subjected to real-time PCR to detect PPV7 and to determine whether PPV7 affected PCV3 viremia. Among the 62 serum samples (39 PCV3 positive RF-serum and 23 PCV3 positive non-RF-serum), 45.1% (28/62) were positive for PPV7 and PCV3, and the PPV7 positive rate was significantly higher in PCV3 positive RF-serum (51.2%, 20/39) than in PCV3 positive non-RF-serum (34.8%, 8/23). In addition, there was a higher positive rate of PPV7 (55%, 11/20) in PCV3 positive aborted fetus samples. In addition, the copy number of PCV3 in PPV7 positive samples was significantly higher than that in PPV7 negative serum samples. Based on these findings, we concluded that PPV7 may stimulate PCV3 replication.

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“…Five sows were confirmed negative for PCV2 (a, b, and d) and PRRSV in the blood, and M. hyopneumoniae in the larynx by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sows were also negative for porcine parvovirus (PPV) 1 and 7 in blood by real-time PCR testing [ 29 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A commercial kit (QIAamp viral RNA mini kit, QIAGEN) was used to extract RNA from serum samples for PRRSV-2, as previously described [ 29 ]. Real-time PCR were performed to quantify PRRSV-2 genomic cDNA copy [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Suh

Park

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.

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Do porcine parvoviruses 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) have an impact on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia in pigs?

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Co‐infection status of novel parvovirus’s (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus‐associated disease from 1997 to 2012

Co‐infection status of novel parvovirus’s (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus‐associated disease from 1997 to 2012

High Co-infection Status of Novel Porcine Parvovirus 7 With Porcine Circovirus 3 in Sows That Experienced Reproductive Failure

A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

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