“…Multiple determinates are influencing the readability of annual financial reports, which continue to attract research interest, especially with advancements in the business environment and pressure to improve corporate disclosures (Gosselin et al, 2021;Machokoto et al, 2022). For example, Lim et al (2018) investigate the impact of business strategy on financial report readability, IFRS adoption (Jang & Rho, 2016;Hidayatullah & Setyaningrum, 2019), ownership structure (Shandiz et al, 2022), earning management (Arora & Chauhan, 2023), and management characteristics (Salehi et al, 2020;Seifzadeh et al, 2021).…”