“…Presumably, in countries where the intensity of UM usage is very low, their UM systems can have only a limited impact on innovation activity in aggregate. For instance, Rutenberg and Mwangi (2017) [63] concluded that granted patents and UMCs have not been a significant factor in driving innovation in Kenya, since between 1993 and August 2016, 725 patents and 108 UM certificates were granted.…”