Do paper-and-pencil tests give an accurate measure of stereotype strength? A review of available data

Hoffmann, Errol R.

doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2009.06.001

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Only data for hardware tests are included as it was shown by Hoffmann (2009a) that there can be a large difference between hardware tests and other forms of determining stereotypes, such as paper and pencil tests. For each of these 96 cases, the component principles have been determined and entered into the tables.…”

Section: Enumeration Of Known Data For 96 Cases Of Display and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of display location on control-display stereotype strength for translational and rotational controls with linear displays

Chan

Hoffmann

2015

Ergonomics

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Experiments were designed to investigate the effects of control type and display location, relative to the operator, on the strength of control/display stereotypes. The Worringham and Beringer Visual Field principle and an extension of this principle for rotary controls (Hoffmann E.R., and Chan A.H.S. 2013). "The Worringham and Beringer 'Visual Field' Principle for Rotary Controls. Ergonomics." 56 (10): 1620-1624) indicated that, for a number of different control types (rotary and lever) on different planes, there should be no significant effect of the display location relative to the seated operator. Past data were surveyed and stereotype strengths listed. Experiments filled gaps where data are not available. Six different control types and seven display locations were used, as in the Frame of Reference Transformation Tool (FORT) model of Wickens et al. (Wickens, C.D., Keller, J.W., and Small, R.L. (2010). "Left. No, Right! Development of the Frame of Reference Transformation Tool (FORT)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting September 2010, 54: 1022-1026). Control/display arrangements with high stereotype strengths were evaluated yielding data for designers of complex control/display arrangements where the control and display are in different planes and for where the operator is moving. It was found possible to predict display/control arrangements with high stereotype strength, based on past data. Practitioner Summary: Controls and displays in complex arrangements need to have high compatibility. These experiments provide arrangements for six different controls (rotary and translational) and seven different display locations relative to the operator.

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Section: Enumeration Of Known Data For 96 Cases Of Display and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…continuedNotes: Hardware-only tests included (seeHoffmann 2009a). Blank areas indicate that no data are available.…”

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confidence: 98%

Effect of display location on control-display stereotype strength for translational and rotational controls with linear displays

Chan

Hoffmann

2015

Ergonomics

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“…The reason for this is that tap operation is opposite to strong population expectancies for increase of a quantity; anticlockwise for a tap valve, but clockwise for most other devices. Hoffmann (2009) in a review of the differences between paper/pencil tests and hardware tests notes that, when there is high spatial congruence between control and display, paper/pencil tests may give a good estimate of stereotype strength. Thus, this may be true in the present case.…”

Section: Overall Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…'Best' here means that they made fewer errors or had a shorter reaction time in using the device. The research has been summarised in Hoffmann (2009). Wu (1997) has reported a comparison of the results of various forms of test, in particular the effect of labelling the hotplates and controls in various ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative approaches to the design of four-burner stoves

Hoffmann

Chan

2011

Ergonomics

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The spatial arrangement of stove hotplates and associated controls and linkages has been of concern to ergonomists. In this study, two different approaches were used to determine preferred arrangements. In the first, one group of participants were given locations of controls and asked to place hotplates; a second group was given hotplate locations and asked to place controls. In each case, linkages were to be indicated. In the second approach, drawings of stove layouts with controls and linkages were given. Scales of preference of control/hotplate layouts were established. Arrangements having high spatial congruence between hotplate and controls were nominated and most preferred by participants in the first approach. In the second approach, it was found possible to discriminate between arrangements that had high spatial congruence and high compatibility between hotplate and control and, hence, to determine 'best' designs in terms of participant preferences. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: Most research on stove layout has been with hotplates in a square arrangement. Two different approaches to design show the importance of spatial congruence between hotplate and control for obtaining preferred designs having high compatibility, which are superior from an ergonomics viewpoint.

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“…Thus, the stereotypic responses found in the present study may only reflect how users think they would interact with objects and what they associate with different stimuli, and not the actual actions they would take (see e.g., Vu & Proctor, 2003; Wu, 1997, for examples of how responses to questionnaires do not necessarily match behavioral responses). Hoffmann (2009) also indicated that use of questionnaire responses for determining stereotype strengths can be inadequate under certain circumstances and concluded that testing with real objects is necessary to obtain the true measure of the stereotype strength. However, several studies have shown that questionnaire responses are useful for capturing response tendencies for simple display-control mappings (Tlauka, 2004; Vu & Proctor, 2003), which characterizes the mappings for many of the objects examined in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Stereotypes for Objects and Representations: Response Tendencies for Interacting With Everyday Objects and Interfaces

Sun

2019

Hum Factors

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Objective: The objective of the study is to replicate and extend population stereotypes from a broad range of users for display-control relations of common interfaces using pictures/images of the objects. Background: Population stereotypes for display-control configurations refer to people’s tendencies to associate certain control actions with display properties. An interface will benefit by being designed in a manner that is consistent with the stereotypes. The stimuli used in the present study include conceptual replications of objects that have been examined previously and new ones. Method: An online survey was designed to collect data about participants’ natural response tendencies or interpretations of the meaning associated with objects, representations, and colors. Participants were obtained through MTurk from the United States, India, and UK. Results: We replicated 76% and partially replicated an additional 16% of the stereotypic responses found in prior studies. Considering the full data set, we found stereotypic responses for 62% of the stimuli that are consistent across the three countries in which the participants were located, although the strength of these stereotypes may differ by location. For the remaining 38% of the stimuli, population stereotypes still emerged for some locations. Few gender differences were found. Conclusion: Cross-cultural stereotypic responses exist for many objects, representations, and display-control configurations. However, because stereotypes can be limited to specific regions or change over time, we recommend that they be captured periodically to ensure design guidelines based on the stereotypes remain valid. Application: Designers can use the stereotypic responses to guide design decisions.

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Do paper-and-pencil tests give an accurate measure of stereotype strength? A review of available data

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of display location on control-display stereotype strength for translational and rotational controls with linear displays

Effect of display location on control-display stereotype strength for translational and rotational controls with linear displays

Alternative approaches to the design of four-burner stoves

Population Stereotypes for Objects and Representations: Response Tendencies for Interacting With Everyday Objects and Interfaces

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