Do τ lepton branching fractions obey Benford’s Law?

Abstract

According to Benford's law, the most significant digit in many datasets is not uniformly distributed, but obeys a well defined power law distribution with smaller digits appearing more often. Among one of the myriad particle physics datasets available, we find that the leading decimal digit for the τ lepton branching fraction shows marginal disagreement with the logarithmic behavior expected from the Benford distribution. We quantify the deviation from Benford's law using a χ 2 function valid for binomial data, and obtain a χ 2 value of 16.9 for nine degrees of freedom, which gives a p-value of about 5%, corresponding to a 1.6σ disagreement. We also checked that the disagreement persists under scaling the branching fractions, as well as by redoing the analysis in a numerical system with a base different from 10. Among all the digits, '9' shows the largest discrepancy with an excess of 4σ. This discrepancy is because the digit '9' is repeated for three distinct groups of correlated modes, with each group having a frequency of two or three, leading to double-counting. If we count each group of correlated modes only once, the discrepancy for this digit also disappears and we get pristine agreement with Benford distribution.

COVID-19, flattening the curve, and Benford’s law

“…Checking for the validity of BL in this dataset would be the best approach in a forensic analysis looking at potential manipulations of the number of cases [7] , [8] , since a distribution of first digits that deviates from the expected distribution may indicate fraud. Prior studies have shown that BL is also applicable to genome data [9] , the half-lives of unstable nuclei [3] , self-reported toxic emissions data [10] , tax auditing [11] , accounting [12] , election data [13] , [14] , stock markets and final data [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , regression coefficients [21] , inflation data [7] , World Wide Web [22] , religions [23] , [24] , [25] , birth data [26] , river data [27] , first letter words [28] , elementary particle decay rates ( [29] , astrophysical measurements [30] , and more.…”