Abstract:Social scientists from different disciplines have long argued that direct reciprocity plays an important role in regulating social interactions between unrelated individuals. Here we examined whether 15-month-old infants (N = 160) would expect direct positive and negative reciprocity between strangers. In violation-of-expectation experiments, infants watched successive interactions between two strangers, agent1 and agent2. After agent1 acted positively toward agent2, infants were surprised if agent2 acted nega… Show more
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