Do Health Expenditures Converge Among ASEAN Countries?

Li, Zhengzheng; Liu, Guangzhe; Tao, Ran; Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.699821

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Our results are consistent with the earlier related studies, e.g. , Zezza (2019), Choudhury and Mohanty (2020), Rymbai and Thangkhiew (2020) and Li et al (2021).…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

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Inter-state disparities in government health expenditure in India: a study of national rural health mission

Din

Dar

Haseen

2023

IJHG

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PurposeThe study aims to compare India's public health expenditure at the international and state levels. The paper also empirically examines the regional disparities in NRHM spending across the 21 selected states of India.Design/methodology/approachThe tools of absolute β-and σ-convergence are used in the analysis to test the regional convergence. The average annual growth rate across the states is the dependent variable for β-convergence, and time is the second dependent variable but is used for s-convergence. In contrast, the initial value of NRHM expenditure and the coefficient of variation of NRHM expenditure are used as independent variables, respectively. Descriptive statistics are also used for the study. The data are annual and cover the panel from 2007 to 2020.FindingsThe study attests to the hypothesis of β-and σ-convergence for the selected states in the period mentioned. The observed convergence in NRHM expenditure is due to the shift in the government's attention from the non-high focus high focus states to high states through the national rural health mission policy. The coefficient of variation across the states also shows a declining trend and provides the robustness of the σ-convergence.Originality/valueAs far as the literature is concerned, none of the existing studies examines the convergence of a public health expenditure scheme like the National Rural Health Mission across the Indian states by applying the techniques of β-and σ-convergence. The novelty of the study is using the newly updated dataset and validating the convergence hypotheses in the National Rural Health Mission expenditure case.

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“…Our results are consistent with the earlier related studies, e.g. , Zezza (2019), Choudhury and Mohanty (2020), Rymbai and Thangkhiew (2020) and Li et al (2021).…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Hembram et al . (2019), Zezza (2019), Choudhury and Mohanty (2020), Rymbai and Thangkhiew (2020) and Li et al . (2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Inter-state disparities in government health expenditure in India: a study of national rural health mission

Din

Dar

Haseen

2023

IJHG

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“…The budget for the Ministry/Department of Health of each country is meant to fund the various healthcare programs and services that it normally provides the population. In the SEA region, both public and private sectors fund healthcare spending, with the former in the form of government spending and compulsory health insurance contributions, and the latter as contributions from private health insurances, non-governmental organizations, and other private corporations, together with out-of-pocket expenses [ 17 ]. While health systems of SEA countries have a dynamic mix of both public and private sectors participating in delivery and financing healthcare services [ 17 ], there has been a general shift towards the private sector dominating healthcare financing [ 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the SEA region, both public and private sectors fund healthcare spending, with the former in the form of government spending and compulsory health insurance contributions, and the latter as contributions from private health insurances, non-governmental organizations, and other private corporations, together with out-of-pocket expenses [ 17 ]. While health systems of SEA countries have a dynamic mix of both public and private sectors participating in delivery and financing healthcare services [ 17 ], there has been a general shift towards the private sector dominating healthcare financing [ 18 ]. The push towards universal health coverage (UHC) in the region is likewise in progress, but the pace is varied and uneven that the poor and/or uninsured still find themselves paying mostly out-of-pocket [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of differences in RT-PCR testing rates among Southeast Asian countries during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic

Van Haute,

Agagon,

Gumapac

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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A positive correlation has been demonstrated between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and COVID-19 tests per 1000 people. Although frequently used as an indicator of economic performance, GDP per capita does not directly reflect income distribution inequalities and imposed health costs. In this longitudinal ecological study, we aimed to determine if, besides GDP per capita, indicators relating to governance, public health measures enforcement, and health and research investment explain differences in RT-PCR testing rates among countries in Southeast Asia (SEA) during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using open-access COVID-19 panel data, we estimated the effect of various indicators (GDP per capita, health expenditure per capita, number of researchers per one million population, corruption perceptions index, stringency index, regional authority index) on daily COVID-19 testing by performing fixed-effects negative binomial regression. After accounting for all indicators, the number of daily confirmed COVID-19 cases, and population density, the model provided a 2019 GDP per capita coefficient of 0.0046330 (95% CI: 0.0040171, 0.0052488; p <0.001), indicating that a rise in 2019 GDP per capita by 100 international dollars is associated with a 46.33% increase in the number of daily tests performed. Additionally, all indicators were significantly associated with the daily number of RT-PCR testing on multivariable analysis. In conclusion, we identified different country-level indicators significantly associated with differences in COVID-19 testing rates among SEA countries. Due to the study’s ecological design, we caution on applying our results to the individual level given potential for systematic differences between the included countries. Additional investigation is likewise needed to understand how government expenditure on healthcare may have impacted COVID-19 testing capacity during the initial stages of the pandemic.

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“…In recent years, a few researchers have attempted to study public expenditure convergence at the regional level in China and Ecuador, countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, European nations, emerging economies, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the USA (Sanz and Velázquez, 2004; Narayan, 2007; Apergis et al , 2013; Apergis, 2015; Payne et al , 2015; Zhang et al , 2016; Flores-Chamba et al , 2019; Clemente et al , 2019; Yu and Li, 2021; Traoré, 2021; Li et al , 2021; Akram and Ali, 2021) [3]. However, in the case of India, only a few studies have examined either aggregate public expenditure convergence or health/education expenditure convergence (Mohanty 2011; Garg, 2015; Das and Ivaldi, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence analysis of science, technology, and environment expenditure: evidence from Indian states

Akram

2022

SEF

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Purpose There is vast disparity in public expenditure on science, technology and environment (STE) across various Indian states. Public expenditure on STE is crucial in maintaining symmetric growth, social cohesion and sustainable development. Literature on this topic is scarce, which prompted the investigation of club convergence of STE public expenditure. In particular, the purpose of this paper to study the club convergence of STE public expenditure in the case of 20 Indian states during the period from 1987–1988 to 2019–2020. Design/methodology/approach This study applies the clustering algorithm to identify club convergence, advanced by the Phillips and Sul test, which enables identification of multiple steady states or club convergence, unlike beta and sigma convergences. Findings The findings of this paper show that all Indian states do not converge towards single steady states. This suggests a disparity in STE public expenditure across Indian states. Moreover, the findings favour three clubs that have their own unique transition paths. The results of this study are supported by the robustness check. Practical implications The findings suggest that the allocation of public expenditure on STE can be made based on club convergence to achieve social cohesion, sustainable development and millennium development goals across states. Originality/value Although several previous studies have investigated the convergence of public expenditure by considering either aggregate public expenditure or health/education expenditure, literature on the convergence hypothesis of STE public expenditure, particularly across Indian states, is scarce. Moreover, this paper is unique, as it examines multiple steady states or club convergence. Finally, this paper contributes to policymaking by suggesting which states should be given a push to achieve social cohesion and sustainable development.

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Do Health Expenditures Converge Among ASEAN Countries?

Cited by 7 publications

References 76 publications

Inter-state disparities in government health expenditure in India: a study of national rural health mission

Inter-state disparities in government health expenditure in India: a study of national rural health mission

Determinants of differences in RT-PCR testing rates among Southeast Asian countries during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic

Convergence analysis of science, technology, and environment expenditure: evidence from Indian states

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