Do government responses impact the relationship between age, gender and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic? A comparison across 27 European countries

COVID-19 Pandemic and International Students’ Mental Health in China: Age, Gender, Chronic Health Condition and Having Infected Relative as Risk Factors

“…Specifically, the evidence that female international students and those with pre-existing health issues experience higher levels of psychological distress is in line with the findings from the Israeli population [62]. Again, being female was found to induce higher psychological distress in 27 European countries [61]. However, the younger age Israeli population was less impacted by the pandemic contrary to our findings that older students experience higher psychological distress.…”

“…Being a female, older age, with a chronic condition, and having a relative with COVID-19 predisposes foreign students to experience higher levels of psychological distress. Some of these findings are consistent with existing studies concerning determinants of psychological distress in this pandemic in other populations, including psychological distress among Israeli and European populations [61,62]. Specifically, the evidence that female international students and those with pre-existing health issues experience higher levels of psychological distress is in line with the findings from the Israeli population [62].…”

Impact of pre-pandemic travel mobility patterns on the spatial diffusion of COVID-19 in South Korea

“…While using public transportation, measures such as the wearing of masks, physical distancing, air conditioning, and filtering on public transit may contain the spread of COVID-19 effectively (Kriegel, 2022; Miller et al, 2022 ; Muathesis, 2022; Yang et al, 2022 ). Quarantine measures, such as suspension of operations or restrictions to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, may cause unexpectedly high socioeconomic costs, such as increases in mental health conditions and the deepening of socioeconomic inequality ( Fink et al, 2022 ; Koch and Park, 2022 ; Thunström et al, 2020 ). Restriction measures on rail and subway transit mobility need to be the last option to control the diffusion of infectious disease during the pandemic.…”

“…Thus, taking into consideration travel mobility patterns, the implementation of the various social distancing measures to reduce the spread of infectious diseases by suppressing travel mobility may be more effective. Furthermore, most of the various non-pharmaceutical intervention measures, such as social distancing, may have resulted in individual and socioeconomic costs, such as unemployment and negative effects of mental health and the quality of life ( Fink et al, 2022 ; Koch and Park, 2022 ; Thunström et al, 2020 ). Such measures may have been implemented during the recent COVID-19 pandemic without fully understanding their consequences (Musselwhite et al, 20220).…”

Non-pharmaceutical interventions and urban vehicle mobility in Seoul during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…Reviewing the research studies containing cost data for NPIs from 1990 to 2020 ( Skarp et al, 2021 ) estimated costs per case for isolation (US$141.18 to US$1042.68), tracing and quarantine (US$40.73 to US$93.99), and social distancing (US$33.76 to US$167.92). Conversely, the implementation of NPIs, such as social distancing and quarantine, has had a negative impact on mental health ( Koch & Park, 2022 ; Venkatesh & Edirappuli, 2020 ), quality of life ( Fink et al, 2022 ) and economic activity ( Thunström et al, 2020 ). In addition, Gokmen et al (2021) found that the effectiveness of NPI measures across countries could be differentiated depending on public acceptance and human behavior response.…”