Do Gastroenterologists Consider Aflatoxins as Origin of Digestive System Cancers?

Carvajal-Moreno, Magda

doi:10.4172/2329-6887.1000242

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…This may be due to the lack of sufficient participant numbers recruited in our study (n) to delineate the higher significance. On the other hand, the role of AFB 1 exposure in contributing risks of cancers other than liver, such as lung, colorectal and esophagus, have been rarely examined [53, 54]. While the association between food AFB 1 contamination and ESCC has been reported, there is a very high likelihood that co-contaminations of AFB 1 with FB 1 or other mycotoxins is also present in the study areas [33, 52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China

et al. 2019

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BackgroundConsumption of moldy food has previously been identified as a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in high-risk countries; however, what contributing roles these dietary carcinogenic mycotoxins play in the etiology of ESCC are largely unknown.MethodsA mycotoxin biomarker-incorporated, population-based case-control study was performed in Huaian area, Jiangsu Province, one of the two high-risk areas in China. Exposure biomarkers of aflatoxins (AF) and fumonisins (FN) were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC-fluorescence techniques.ResultsAmong the cases (n = 190), the median levels of AF biomarker, serum AFB1-lysine adduct, and FN biomarker, urinary FB1, were 1.77 pg/mg albumin and 176.13 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. Among the controls (n = 380), the median levels of AFB1-lysine adduct and urinary FB1 were 1.49 pg/mg albumin and 56.92 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. These mycotoxin exposure biomarker levels were significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). An increased risk to ESCC was associated with exposure to both AFB1 and FB1 (p < 0.001 for both).ConclusionsMycotoxin exposure, especially to AFB1 and FB1, was associated with the risk of ESCC, and a greater-than-additive interaction between co-exposures to these two mycotoxins may contribute to the increased risk of ESCC in Huaian area, China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China

et al. 2019

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“…The intestinal epithelium represents the first barrier met by xenobiotics, such as dietary mycotoxins, known to cause several GI disorders [30,31]. Herein, AFB1 and OTA had different effects on intestinal viability and inflammation when compared to the control meal: (i) the digested meal containing AFB1 significantly reduced intestinal cells' viability, but no effect was observed on inflammation; (ii) the digested meal with OTA did not impact cells' viability but had a pro-inflammatory effect, increasing NO production; (iii) the meal containing both mycotoxins (MIX) significantly impacted both intestinal cells' viability and NO production; and (iv) none of the meal samples containing mycotoxins triggered ROS formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Interactions along the Gastrointestinal Tract: In Vitro Semi-Dynamic Digestion and Static Colonic Fermentation of a Contaminated Meal

Sobral

Gonçalves

Martins

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) naturally co-occur in several foods, but no studies have followed the fate of mycotoxins’ interactions along the gastrointestinal tract using in vitro digestion models. This study used a novel semi-dynamic model that mimics gradual acidification and gastric emptying, coupled with a static colonic fermentation phase, in order to monitor mycotoxins’ bioaccessibility by the oral route. AFB1 and OTA bioaccessibility patterns differed in single or co-exposed scenarios. When co-exposed (MIX meal), AFB1 bioaccessibility at the intestinal level increased by ~16%, while OTA bioaccessibility decreased by ~20%. Additionally, a significant increase was observed in both intestinal cell viability and NO production. With regard to mycotoxin–probiotic interactions, the MIX meal showed a null effect on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strain growth, while isolated AFB1 reduced bacterial growth parameters. These results were confirmed at phylum and family levels using a gut microbiota approach. After colonic fermentation, the fecal supernatant did not trigger the NF-kB activation pathway, indicating reduced toxicity of mycotoxins. In conclusion, if single exposed, AFB1 will have a significant impact on intestinal viability and probiotic growth, while OTA will mostly trigger NO production; in a co-exposure situation, both intestinal viability and inflammation will be affected, but the impact on probiotic growth will be neglected.

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“…Dough and kashk are traditional fermented dairy foods in Iran. Potential contaminants, including aflatoxins, have been observed in white and cream cheese in Iran [39], in addition to evidence of seasonal variation in this risk [40,41], which remained lower in yoghurt than other dairy products [42]. A recent review has shown that 89% of dairy products exceeded the standard limits of aflatoxins in Iran, in particular 17.8% of cheese, 14% of yoghurt, 12.63% of kashk, and 2.1% of dough.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Yoghurt and Other Dairy Products and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Iran: The IROPICAN Study

et al. 2022

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Background: There is evidence of an inverse association between yoghurt intake and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed at investigating the association between the intake of yoghurt and other dairy foods consumed in Iran and CRC risk. Methods: Our analysis included 4070 subjects within the IROPICAN (Iran Study of Opium and Cancer) study. Detailed information was collected by the use of validated questionnaires. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between the intake of total dairy products, and, separately, of yoghurt, milk, cheese, kashk, dough, cream, ice cream, and other milk products, and CRC using unconditional logistic regression analyses. The intake was categorized in tertiles. Results: Overall, we analyzed 865 cases and 3205 controls. Total dairy products intake was not associated with CRC. The OR for one tertile increase (OR_T) in yoghurt intake was 0.97 (95% CI 0.87–1.08) for CRC and 0.66 (95% CI 0.52–0.84) for proximal colon cancer. Cream intake was associated with CRC (OR_T3 = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08–1.64), colon (OR_T3 = 1.37, 95% CI 1.03–1.81), and proximal cancer (OR_T3 = 1.29, 95% CI 1.04–1.61). The OR of distal colon cancer for ice cream intake was 0.59 (95% CI 0.43–0.82). Other dairy products were not associated with CRC risk.

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Do Gastroenterologists Consider Aflatoxins as Origin of Digestive System Cancers?

Cited by 4 publications

References 88 publications

Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China

Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China

Mycotoxin Interactions along the Gastrointestinal Tract: In Vitro Semi-Dynamic Digestion and Static Colonic Fermentation of a Contaminated Meal

Consumption of Yoghurt and Other Dairy Products and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Iran: The IROPICAN Study

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