“…Time‐varying individual covariates present challenges in the study of marked animals in wild populations. Whether researchers are interested in the effects of breeding status (Pradel, 2005), location (Borchers & Efford, 2008; Diana et al, 2022; McLaughlin & Bar, 2021), or measures of fitness like body mass (Bonner & Schwarz, 2006) or parasite load (Argáez et al, 2020), these variables can only be observed when an animal is detected by physical capture or other means. The resulting data will have many missing values that need to be handled in some way.…”