Do earthworms increase N2O emissions in ploughed grassland?

Bertora, Chiara; Vliet, P.C.J. van; Hummelink, E.W.J.; Groenigen, J.W. van

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.09.015

Cited by 55 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…When residues are concentrated in a layer, as in plowed soil, the limited residue-soil contact may restrict microbial colonization and slow down decomposition (17). A stratified distribution of residues to simulate incorporation by plowing has been used in several studies (17,34,35). By this approach, the contact between plant residues and soil was restricted, although with a residue layer of ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Duan

Kong

Schramm

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Grassland cultivation can mobilize large pools of N in the soil, with the potential for N leaching and N 2 O emissions. Spraying with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) before cultivation was simulated by use of soil columns in which the residue distribution corresponded to plowing or rotovation to study the effects of soil-residue contact on N transformations. DMPP was sprayed on aboveground parts of ryegrass and white clover plants before incorporation. During a 42-day incubation, soil mineral N dynamics, potential ammonia oxidation (PAO), denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), nitrifier and denitrifier populations, and N 2 O emissions were investigated. The soil NO 3 Ϫ pool was enriched with 15 N to trace sources of N 2 O. Ammonium was rapidly released from decomposing residues, and PAO was stimulated in soil near residues. DMPP effectively reduced NH 4 ϩ transformation irrespective of residue distribution. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) were both present, but only the AOB amoA transcript abundance correlated with PAO. DMPP inhibited the transcription of AOB amoA genes. Denitrifier genes and transcripts (nirK, nirS, and clades I and II of nosZ) were recovered, and a correlation was found between nirS mRNA and DEA. DMPP showed no adverse effects on the abundance or activity of denitrifiers. The 15 N enrichment of N 2 O showed that denitrification was responsible for 80 to 90% of emissions. With support from a control experiment without NO 3 Ϫ amendment, it was concluded that DMPP will generally reduce the potential for leaching of residue-derived N, whereas the effect of DMPP on N 2 O emissions will be significant only when soil NO 3 Ϫ availability is limiting.IMPORTANCE Residue incorporation following grassland cultivation can lead to mobilization of large pools of N and potentially to significant N losses via leaching and N 2 O emissions. This study proposed a mitigation strategy of applying 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) prior to grassland cultivation and investigated its efficacy in a laboratory incubation study. DMPP inhibited the growth and activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but had no adverse effects on ammonia-oxidizing archaea and denitrifiers. DMPP can effectively reduce the potential for leaching of NO 3 Ϫ derived from residue decomposition, while the effect on reducing N 2 O emissions will be significant only when soil NO 3 Ϫ availability is limiting. Our findings provide insight into how DMPP affects soil nitrifier and denitrifier populations and have direct implications for improving N use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts during grassland cultivation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Duan

Kong

Schramm

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Various laboratory studies have established that earthworms can increase N 2 O emissions, even up to 18‐fold. They may be responsible for 30–56% of the total N 2 O emissions from soils they inhabit (Bertora et al ., ; Rizhiya et al ., ; Giannopoulos et al ., ; Lubbers et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residue incorporation depth is a controlling factor of earthworm‐induced nitrous oxide emissions

Paul

Lubbers

Groenigen

2011

Global Change Biology

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Earthworms can increase nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, particularly in no-tillage systems where earthworms are abundant. Here, we study the effect of residue incorporation depth on earthworm-induced N 2 O emissions. We hypothesized that cumulative N 2 O emissions decrease with residue incorporation depth, because (i) increased water filled pore space (WFPS) in deeper soil layers leads to higher denitrification rates as well as more complete denitrification; and (ii) the longer upward diffusion path increases N 2 O reduction to N 2 . Two 84-day laboratory mesocosm experiments were conducted. First, we manually incorporated maize (Zea mays L.) residue at different soil depths (incorporation experiment). Second, 13 C-enriched maize residue was applied to the soil surface and anecic species Lumbricus terrestris (L.) and epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) were confined to different soil depths (earthworm experiment). Residue incorporation depth affected cumulative N 2 O emissions in both experiments (P < 0.001). In the incorporation experiment, N 2 O emissions decreased from 4.91 mg N 2 O-N kg À1 soil (surface application) to 2.71 mg N 2 O-N kg À1 soil (40-50 cm incorporation). In the earthworm experiment, N 2 O emissions from L. terrestris decreased from 3.87 mg N 2 O-N kg À1 soil (confined to 0-10 cm) to 2.01 mg N 2 O-N kg À1 soil (confined to 0-30 cm). Both experimental setups resulted in dissimilar WFPS profiles that affected N 2 O dynamics. We also found significant differences in residue C recovery in soil organic matter between L. terrestris (28-41%) and L. rubellus (56%). We conclude that (i) N 2 O emissions decrease with residue incorporation depth, although this effect was complicated by dissimilar WFPS profiles; and (ii) larger residue C incorporation by L. rubellus than L. terrestris indicates that earthworm species differ in their C stabilization potential. Our findings underline the importance of studying earthworm diversity in the context of greenhouse gas emissions from agro-ecosystems.

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“…On a dry weight basis, earthworms can emit much larger amounts of N 2 O than soils (12,29,31,32,34,42,75,76). The burrowing activities and feeding habits of earthworms, as well as in situ soil conditions, can influence the emission of nitrogenous gases from soils inhabited by earthworms (3,5,34,40,42,54).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

Depkat-Jakob

Hilgarth

Horn

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The earthworm gut is an anoxic nitrous oxide (N 2 O)-emitting microzone in aerated soils. In situ conditions of the gut might stimulate ingested nitrate-reducing soil bacteria linked to this emission. The objective of this study was to determine if dissimilatory nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in the alimentary canal were affected by feeding guilds (epigeic [Lumbricus rubellus], anecic [Lumbricus terrestris], and endogeic [Aporrectodea caliginosa]). Genes and gene transcripts of narG (encodes a subunit of nitrate reductase and targets both dissimilatory nitrate reducers and denitrifiers) and nosZ (encodes a subunit of N 2 O reductase and targets denitrifiers) were detected in guts and soils. Gut-derived sequences were similar to those of cultured and uncultured soil bacteria and to soil-derived sequences obtained in this study. Gut-derived narG sequences and narG terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were affiliated mainly with Gram-positive organisms (Actinobacteria). The majority of gut-and uppermost-soil-derived narG transcripts were affiliated with Mycobacterium (Actinobacteria). In contrast, narG sequences indicative of Gram-negative organisms (Proteobacteria) were dominant in mineral soil. Most nosZ sequences and nosZ TRFs were affiliated with Bradyrhizobium (Alphaproteobacteria) and uncultured soil bacteria. TRF profiles indicated that nosZ transcripts were more affected by earthworm feeding guilds than were nosZ genes, whereas narG transcripts were less affected by earthworm feeding guilds than were narG genes. narG and nosZ transcripts were different and less diverse in the earthworm gut than in mineral soil. The collective results indicate that dissimilatory nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in the earthworm gut are soil derived and that ingested narG-and nosZ-containing taxa were not uniformly stimulated in the guts of worms from different feeding guilds.

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Do earthworms increase N2O emissions in ploughed grassland?

Cited by 55 publications

References 29 publications

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Residue incorporation depth is a controlling factor of earthworm‐induced nitrous oxide emissions

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

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Do earthworms increase N2O emissions in ploughed grassland?

Cited by 55 publications

References 29 publications

Microbial N Transformations and N 2 O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Microbial N Transformations and N 2 O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Residue incorporation depth is a controlling factor of earthworm‐induced nitrous oxide emissions

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

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Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)

Microbial N Transformations and N ₂ O Emission after Simulated Grassland Cultivation: Effects of the Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)