“…To illustrate, reading competencies may develop at different speeds and in different ways across languages with differing alphabets (Spielberger, Moscoso, & Brunner, 2005). Additional factors that might lead to the development of tests with limited comparability include natural variation in difficulty, commonality, or contextual meaning of vocabulary and differential sentence length or complexity (Hambleton, Merenda, & Spielberger, 2005;Oliveri & Ercikan, 2011;Solano-Flores, Backhoff, & ContreraNiño, 2009). Several guidelines have been developed to address comparability issues arising in test adaptation.…”