Do cod form spawning leks? Evidence from a Newfoundland spawning ground

Windle, Matthew J.S.; Rose, George A.

doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0385-2

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Increased vertical activity also seems a general feature of the mating behaviour (Windle & Rose 2007). Cod in the present study exhibited considerably higher vertical swimming activity when in the spawning areas compared to prior to spawning.…”

Section: Vertical Swimming Activitysupporting

confidence: 59%

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Individual behaviour of Baltic cod Gadus morhua in relation to sex and reproductive state

Nielsen

Hüssy²,

Neuenfeldt³

et al. 2013

Aquat. Biol.

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Information from data storage tags (DSTs) is conventionally used to infer movement patterns or reveal characteristics (e.g. temperature or salinity) of the environment surrounding tagged fish. Here we link data derived from DSTs with the reproductive state of tagged fish. Individual vertical activity of adult male and female Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. in the Bornholm Basin was derived from DST measures and related to the individual histologically determined reproductive phase. Spawning migrations were identified by movements towards deeper and more saline waters. No difference was observed between sexes in the timing of the onset of migration and the duration of migration from feeding grounds to the spawning area. While there was no significant difference in duration of the spawning period between females and males, the histological characteristics suggest that females finish spawning before males. Irrespective of gender, vertical swimming activity was most pronounced during spawning, with descents towards the bottom dominating the movements. During spawning, males stayed significantly deeper than females. In conclusion, the present results suggest that initiation of spawning migration and duration of the spawning period differ between sexes, as does the level of activity during spawning events. Not all individuals followed the general pattern; a considerable number of individuals were found to spawn in shallow water in the Arkona Basin, and juvenile fish undertook the migration without spawning.

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Section: Vertical Swimming Activitysupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Sex-specific vertical distribution in the water column during the spawning season also occurs in other cod stocks, but with males occupying shallower water (Morgan & Trippel 1996, Windle & Rose 2007. The reason for this difference between the Baltic and other cod stocks remains unclear.…”

Section: Vertical Swimming Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual behaviour of Baltic cod Gadus morhua in relation to sex and reproductive state

Nielsen

Hüssy²,

Neuenfeldt³

et al. 2013

Aquat. Biol.

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“…The mating behaviour of cod is complex and resembles a lek (Nordeide & Folstad 2000, Windle & Rose 2006. Males compete aggressively for courtship with females using behavioural displays and acoustic vocalisations (Brawn 1961, Hutchings et al 1999, Rowe et al 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thought that these behaviours are an underlying cause of the vertical dynamics often observed in wild spawning shoals (Brawn 1961, Lawson & Rose 2000, Rose 1993). Males and females are also spatially separated on spawning grounds, with females thought to attend male-dominated aggregations only when they are ready to spawn (Windle & Rose 2006). This is thought to be the main reason for depth-related patterns in sexskewed fishing catches of cod on numerous spawning grounds (Morgan & Trippel 1996, Nordeide & Folstad 2000, Windle & Rose 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical dynamics and reproductive behaviour of farmed and wild Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Meager

Skjæraasen²,

Fernö³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Rapid development of fish mariculture and efforts to restock depleted populations have raised concerns about the effects on wild populations and the risk of genetic introgression from hybridisation. Reproduction of many marine fish species involves substantial vertical movements, but nothing is known of the vertical dynamics of farmed fish in spawning shoals. We combined laboratory observations and field biotelemetry to examine the depth-related reproductive behaviour and vertical dynamics of individual farmed and wild Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (L). We first tested the prediction that the depth distributions of male and female wild cod differ both in the laboratory and in the field. We then tested the prediction that farmed cod have a shallower depth distribution than wild cod and thus lack the sex-based vertical dynamics of wild cod. In both the laboratory and field, male farmed and wild fish tended to be located deeper than females, and wild fish were deeper than farmed fish. In the field, wild males were near the seafloor, considerably deeper than wild females and farmed fish. Residency on the spawning ground was longer for wild fish, but a substantial proportion (61%) of farmed fish remained for more than 3 d. Our study reinforces the idea that vertical dynamics play a key role in reproduction of an important fisheries species, and demonstrates clear differences in vertical distribution between farmed and wild fish on a spawning ground. The results suggest that escaped farmed cod, and in particular, farmed females, are likely to hybridise with wild cod.

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“…From Placenthia Bay, Newfoundland, male-skewed sex ratios were observed on a small-scale spawning ground (25 km 2 ) in 5 of 6 survey years early in the season (Windle & Rose 2007). The proportion of spawning females and spent males were significantly higher in the male-dominated fishing sets, whereas sets with equal sex ratios had significantly higher proportions of immature males and spent females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Extreme male-skewed sex ratios on spawning grounds for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua with typical coastal cod signatures of the Pan I (pantophysin) locus

Fevolden¹,

Westgaard²,

Pedersen³

2015

Sex. Early. Dev. Aquat. Org.

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Do cod form spawning leks? Evidence from a Newfoundland spawning ground

Cited by 39 publications

References 29 publications

Individual behaviour of Baltic cod Gadus morhua in relation to sex and reproductive state

Individual behaviour of Baltic cod Gadus morhua in relation to sex and reproductive state

Vertical dynamics and reproductive behaviour of farmed and wild Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Extreme male-skewed sex ratios on spawning grounds for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua with typical coastal cod signatures of the Pan I (pantophysin) locus

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