Do Children Benefit External Focus of Attention as Much as Adults? A Motor Learning Study

Roshandel, Somaye; Taheri, Hamidreza; Moghadam, Amir

doi:10.5539/mas.v11n7p85

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…En contraposición, los resultados del GE pueden explicarse en base a la importancia del factor "novedad" que en estas edades se reduce más rápido durante el protocolo repetitivo que con el protocolo variable [26,51]. Por otro lado, la ejecución del putt con diferentes distancias al objetivo parece que promueve la actividad neuronal y la conectividad debido a una mayor planificación de los movimientos y a un procesamiento más elaborado de la información sensorial, lo que puede inducir un enfoque externo más distal (hoyo de golf) en relación con uno más proximal (cabeza del palo) y conseguir un mejor rendimiento motor y aprendizaje [23] tanto en adultos como en niños [52][53][54]. Por lo tanto, en las fases iniciales de aprendizaje del putt en golf en adolescentes no podemos afirmar que exista una correlación entre el nivel de experiencia y el grado de interferencia contextual [24].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

La práctica aleatoria frente a la enseñanza sin errores en el aprendizaje del putt de golf en adolescentes

Gavala González,

Román Alconchel,

Miranda León

et al. 2023

RICCAFD

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El aprendizaje del putt de golf ha sido objeto de múltiples estudios, si bien en la franja de edad de la adolescencia apenas hay referencias de cómo plantear un proceso de aprendizaje que tenga el gradiente de desafío y la dificultad adecuada en contextos de aprendizaje en Educación Física (EF). Purpose: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar mediante una aproximación ecológica, si la práctica aleatoria (variabilidad) permite el aprendizaje del putt de golf en la iniciación deportiva al igual que el aprendizaje sin errores (repetitivo). Método: Han participado 46 estudiantes (M=13.8±.07años) de segundo curso de la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria (ESO), sin ninguna experiencia previa en este deporte. Se han tomado varias mediciones: a) pretest, b) tratamiento, consistente en siete bloques de práctica de 10 repeticiones, c) post-test y d) test de transferencia (dos semanas después del post-test). Resultados: Los datos nos indican que tanto el grupo de aprendizaje aleatorio (variabilidad) como el grupo de aprendizaje sin errores consiguen resultados parecidos tanto en el post-test (M=1,36, SD=0,32 vs M= 1,16 SD=0,30), como en el test de transferencia (M=2,56, SD=0,07 vs M=2,53, SD= 0,07). Conclusión: El aprendizaje de un gesto técnico tan complejo como es el putt de golf puede plantearse en estas edades y en la fase de iniciación tanto desde la variabilidad de la práctica como mediante la reducción del error y con una manifestación del nivel de aprendizaje parecido a corto y largo plazo.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

La práctica aleatoria frente a la enseñanza sin errores en el aprendizaje del putt de golf en adolescentes

Gavala González,

Román Alconchel,

Miranda León

et al. 2023

RICCAFD

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“…Another potential mediating factor for optimal attentional focus in motor learning has been age ( Roshandel et al, 2017 ). Research with children has supported the relative efficacy of EFA for such various motor tasks as gymnastics ( Abdollahipour et al, 2015 ), basketball ( Perreault & French, 2015 ) and tennis ( Hadler et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several child studies found no difference between the benefits of EFA and IFA instructions ( Abswoude et al, 2018 ; Agar et al, 2016 ; Perreault & French, 2016 ). Both Emanuel et al (2008) and Roshandel et al (2017) directly compared groups of children and adults and concluded that adults benefitted more from EFA instructions, while children did not. Other studies also found IFA best for children ( Tse, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies also found IFA best for children ( Tse, 2019 ). IFA advantages for children have been explained by children’s skill levels, as children are considered novices whose motor skills are not yet automated, meaning that IFA instructions do not disrupt automated movement, nor do IFA instructions limit motor skill performance ( Roshandel et al, 2017 ). Abswoude et al (2018) suggested that children would perform best by choosing their own focus, as they may benefit from both EFA and IFA guidelines during motor performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instructions for External Focus of Attention Improved Taekwondo Kicking Performance Only Among Less Skilled Youth

Siltanen

Bottas

2022

Percept Mot Skills

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External focus of attention (EFA) studies among children have yielded more equivocal results than have those among adults. Some investigators have found an internal focus of attention (IFA) advantage in children and have explained their results by children’s generally lower skill levels, compared to adults. According to the constrained action hypothesis, children’s lower skill levels are not yet associated with over-learned automatic movement patterns, so their motor performance is not disrupted by IFA instructions. In this study, our objective was to examine a possible interaction effect between children’s skill levels and their exposure to either IFA or EFA instructions on motor performance. Our participants were 40 10–15-year-old taekwondo competitors of higher and lower skill levels (based on both the participant’s experience and their test performance) who engaged in a taekwondo kicking movement before and after either IFA or EFA instructions. We found improved kicking performance with EFA versus IFA instructions only among less versus more skilled participants.

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“…Researchers in the field of skills acquisition examining the effect of external versus internal focus of attention have mainly used adults as participants (Makaruk et al, 2020;Yamada et al, 2020;Agar et al, 2016). However, it must be determined to what extent their conclusions apply to children (Roshandel et al, 2017). There are few studies examining the effect of these methods on children of 9-10 years of age (Emanuel et al, 2008b;, while there is no research if any on the effectiveness of these methods in girls aged 9-10 years in volleyball passing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of different focus of attention instructions on learning volleyball skills for young novices

Lola¹,

Koutsomarkou²,

Tzetzis³

2021

jhse

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The simultaneous improvement of both form and outcome of sport skills is a challenge for every instructor since these are competing goals, especially for novices, and in the early stages of learning the improvement of movement form is usually more important than outcome. However, when novices have both goals, outcome usually prevails over form. External over internal focus of attention has been proposed by many researchers as an effective method for the development and learning of movement form or outcome. In this study, 57 girls were randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (external and internal) and a control group. All groups performed a pre-test. The two experimental groups followed an intervention program for 12 training units (6 weeks X 2 times a week). A post-test and a transfer test followed two weeks later. Data were analysed by factorial ANOVA (3 groups X 3 measurements) with repeated measurements of the last factor, followed by a post-hoc Tukey test. Both experimental groups, but not the control group, improved their performance in both form and outcome from pre-test to post-test and transfer test. The external focus group scored better in both form and outcome than the internal focus group in the post and transfer tests. It seems that external focus drives a subconscious motor control that results in greater movement automaticity and improves both form and outcome of sport skills. It is concluded that the external focus method is appropriate to develop both form and outcome of perceptual-motor skills.

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Do Children Benefit External Focus of Attention as Much as Adults? A Motor Learning Study

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

La práctica aleatoria frente a la enseñanza sin errores en el aprendizaje del putt de golf en adolescentes

La práctica aleatoria frente a la enseñanza sin errores en el aprendizaje del putt de golf en adolescentes

Instructions for External Focus of Attention Improved Taekwondo Kicking Performance Only Among Less Skilled Youth

Influence of different focus of attention instructions on learning volleyball skills for young novices

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