Do Changes in Innate Immunity Underlie the Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise?

Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy in Correcting the Indicators of Innate Immunity in Patients with Essential Arterial Hypertension

“…Clinical trials have identified chronic inflammatory diseases as a risk for cardiovascular diseases, and recent studies have identified the contribution of various inflammatory cells to vascular oxidative stress and inflammation. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases are closely related to inflammation, probably due to the close interaction of inflammation with oxidative stress, with innate immunity being responsible for this (Chuong et al 2019).…”

Space Flight Diet-Induced Deficiency and Response to Gravity-Free Resistive Exercise

“…Immunity is impacted by diet and exercise [ 1 , 11 ]. Routine moderate-intensity exercise lowers the risk of chronic disease formation likely through decreases in chronic inflammation and inflammatory mediator production [ 12 ]. Exercise recently enhanced the resolution of acute inflammation in mice by augmenting actions of the anti-inflammatory, proresolving lipid resolvin D1, which in turn enhances macrophage phagocytosis [ 13 ].…”

“…Hence, the current omega-3 fatty acid, β-alanine and carnosine intakes from the 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 15% protein macronutrient ratio is insufficient to improve immune health. In contrast, diets rich in these nutrients, or through a combination of supplementation and/or exercise, improved immune system and musculoskeletal health [ 1 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 36 , 37 ]. Given (1): the nutritional requirements to maintain immune system function and the demands of in-flight exercise for missions of increasingly longer durations [ 1 , 2 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 31 ], and (2): the beneficial effects of adequate nutrition, with or without concurrent exercise, on immune system and musculoskeletal health [ 1 , 2 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 31 ], current results, in combination with previously published works, imply in-flight supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids, β-alanine and carnosine may be a prudent countermeasure to help abate the physiological and mental challenges incurred by astronauts on future long-term space flights.…”

“…Such missions will certainly include in-flight exercise countermeasures performed for 1-2 h daily for up to seven days a week [ 8 , 11 ]. While routine, moderate-intensity exercise may best maintain immune system function, microgravity’s deleterious effects on musculoskeletal mass and function necessitate higher intensities, which may in turn compromise the immune system over time [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Under such a scenario, perturbations to in-flight immune system health and function are inevitable and hence nutritional strategies to abate such disturbances are warranted.…”

“…Clinical trials with humans show supplementation of either EPA or fish oil stabilized weight losses in cachectic pancreatic cancer patients [ 15 , 16 ]. Similarly, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may inhibit bone losses incurred by astronauts during space flights, and lead to greater inflammation resolution after aerobic exercise [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Yet the inflammation resolution attributed to greater omega-3 fatty acid intake may also inhibit exercise-induced adaptations; thus, the relative risk-to-benefit ratio of combining exercise with the supplement warrants further inquiry.…”