Do antioxidant enzymes and glutathione play roles in the induction of hepatic oxidative stress in mice upon subchronic exposure to mixtures of dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate?

Abstract

Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are water chlorination byproducts, and their mixtures were previously found to induce additive to greater than additive effects on hepatic oxidative stress (OS) induction in mice after subchronic exposure. To investigate the roles of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione (GSH) in those effects, livers of B6C3F1 mice treated by gavage with 7.5, 15, or 30 mg DCA/kg/day, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg TCA/kg/day, and mixtures (Mix I, Mix II and Mix III) at DCA:TCA ratios corresponding to 7.5:12.5, 15:25 and 25:50 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 13 weeks. Livers were assayed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as for GSH levels. In general, DCA suppressed SOD and GSH-Px activities and GSH levels but caused no changes in CAT activity; TCA increased SOD and CAT activities, suppressed GSH-Px activity, but did not change GSH levels; mixtures of DCA and TCA increased SOD and CAT activities and suppressed GSH-Px activity and GSH levels. In conclusion, antioxidant enzymes contribute to DCA-, TCA- and mixtures-induced OS, but not to changes from additive to greater than additive effects produced by different mixture compositions of the compounds. GSH on the hand may contribute to these changes.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of diacerein on trichloroacetic acid–induced hepatic pre-neoplastic lesions in rats

“…51,52 The current study shows a significant decrease in hepatic GSH level in the TCA-intoxicated group as previously detected by Hassoun and Cearfoss (2014). 53 That is mostly due to the excessive release of harmful free radicals.…”

Hemostatic effect and safety evaluation of the absorbable macroporous polysaccharides composite hemostatic material prepared by a green fabrication approach

“…22 However, because the mentioned above are involved in the synthesis process, it is necessary to measure and control their residues. 23…”

“…22 However, because the mentioned above are involved in the synthesis process, it is necessary to measure and control their residues. 23 At present, the commonly used preparation process for the preparation of CMCTs requires the reaction of chloroacetic acid and chitosan under alkaline conditions. Chloroacetic acid residue, as one of the typical synthetic by-products, has attracted considerable concerns for its biological safety.…”

The beneficial effects of Agaricus blazei Murrill on hepatic antioxidant enzymes and the pancreatic tissue recovery in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

“…MDA is the final product of lipid peroxidation (Placer, Cushman, & Johnson, 1966). SOD, CAT, and GSH can scavenge free radicals, which are important body antioxidant enzymes (Hassoun & Cearfoss, 2014). As shown in Table 1, the antioxidant capacities of EE and EA in diabetic rats were evaluated by measuring the level of MDA in their plasma and the amount of CAT, GSH, and SOD in their liver tissues.…”