Do American mothers use self-employment as a flexible work alternative?

Lim, Katherine

doi:10.1007/s11150-018-9426-0

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Descriptive analyses based on the Understanding Coronavirus in America Tracking Survey indicate that 33% of working mothers in two-parent households provided all the care for children while schools were closed in early April, while only 11% of working fathers provided all the care (Zamarro & Prados, 2021). -Nadal et al (2012) and Lim (2019) link both the self-employment and intra-household allocation literature, finding that Spanish and American mothers, respectively, choose self-employment to gain work location and schedule flexibility. However, these are pre-COVID-19 papers and do not examine how a shock such as COVID-19 may affect the employment and hours of work of these mothers.…”

Section: Gender and Intra-household Allocation Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These shutdowns may have affected female self-employed parents more than male self-employed parents because of gender norms within the home that result in women doing much of the child care (Burda et al, 2008;Sent & van Staveren, 2019;Sevilla & Smith, 2020). However, women are more likely than men to become self-employed to better balance work and family demands (Budig, 2006;Gimenez-Nadal et al, 2012;Lim, 2019) and so may have been able to weather the shutdowns better. Given these issues, there may have been differential impacts on the self-employed by gender, marital status, and parental status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of COVID-19 on the self-employed

Kalenkoski

Pabilonia

2021

Small Bus Econ

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Among the unincorporated self-employed, married mothers were less likely to be employed and worked fewer hours during the COVID-19 pandemic than married fathers. Effects were visible in March as voluntary social distancing began, largest in April as complete shutdowns occurred, and slightly smaller in May as some restrictions were eased. Our results suggest that COVID-19 forced selfemployed women back into the home due to gender norms about who cares for children. However, having a plausibly remote job or being in an essential industry helped mitigate some of the negative effects on employment and hours worked. Besides providing evidence that married mothers' presence among the self-employed has been diminished by COVID-19, we find that the pandemic hurt the unincorporated self-employed more than other types of workers. This finding provides further evidence that it is important for researchers to distinguish between the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed when analyzing variation in self-employment at different points in the business cycle.

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Section: Gender and Intra-household Allocation Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of COVID-19 on the self-employed

Kalenkoski

Pabilonia

2021

Small Bus Econ

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“…Women have been found to choose self-employment, including part-time and homebased forms, as a means to flexible working and spending more time on childcare (Craig et al, 2012). This seems to be related with self-selection into industry sectors and occupations that provide this flexibility (Lim, 2019). In consequence, some authors note that the phenomenon of 'mumpreneurship' may reflect an equation of flexible home-based business activity with maternal, feminised forms of entrepreneurship, designed around supporting the needs of women in similar household circumstances (Lewis et al, 2015;Martinez Dy and Jayawarna, 2020).…”

Section: B) Gender Family Responsibilities and Crisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arguably, industry sector selection, business size and part-time work result from a complex of both individually and socially conditioned decisions, which intersect with lifecourse and family choices (Jayawarna et al, 2020;Lim, 2019;Marlow and McAdam, 2013).…”

Section: C) Gender Entrepreneurship and Psychological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Differential Impact of COVID-19 on Self-Employed Women and Men in the United Kingdom

et al. 2021

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Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

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“…As an alternative to wage employment or leaving the labor market during early childhood years, some mothers turn to self-employment (Lim, 2019). Self-employment offers the potential for mothers to earn money, retain and grow their labor market skills, whilst offering the flexibility to balance work and family related obligations Wellington, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and opportunities of women in entrepreneurship

Theunissen¹

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Do American mothers use self-employment as a flexible work alternative?

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Impacts of COVID-19 on the self-employed

Impacts of COVID-19 on the self-employed

Testing the Differential Impact of COVID-19 on Self-Employed Women and Men in the United Kingdom

Challenges and opportunities of women in entrepreneurship

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