Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?

Salvo, Eleonora Di; Casciaro, Marco; Quartuccio, S.; Genovese, Luigi; Gangemi, Sebastiano

doi:10.3390/biom9010002

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(85 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A massive release of substances such as HMGB-1, S100, heat shock proteins, and others, after cells damage amplify massively the immune response, causing further damage, resulting in a proinflammatory loop. The latter effect could constitute the base for many diseases related to chronic inflammation such as COPD, asthma, heath failure, skin diseases, and neurologic disorders [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-33 in Mental Disorders

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mental disorders are common in the general population; every year about 25% of the total European population is affected by a mental condition. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders might be underestimated. Emerging evidence highlights the role of immune response as a key factor in MDs. Immunological biomarkers seem to be related to illness progression and to treatment effectiveness; several studies suggest strong associations among IL-6, TNFa, S100b, IL 1b, and PCR with affective or schizophrenic disorders. The purpose of this review is to examine and to understand the possible link between mental disorders and interleukin 33 to clarify the role of this axis in the immune system. We found 13 research papers that evaluated interleukin 33 or interleukin 31 levels in subjects affected by mental disorders. Eight studies investigated cytokines in affective disorders. Three studies measured levels of IL-33 in schizophrenia and two studies focused on patients affected by autism spectrum disorders. Alterations in brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome are affected by multiple levels of organization. Disorders of the autoimmune response, and of the IL-33/31 axis, may therefore be one of the factors involved in this process. These results support the evidence that alarmins, particularly the IL-33/31 axis, need more consideration among researchers and practitioners.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-33 in Mental Disorders

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, many studies reported an alteration of immune responses in children and adults with ASD, which are more frequently subject to infections, allergies, asthma, dermatitis, and over-reactions to autoimmune disorders [27,30,31,32,33]. As such, some proteins, named alarmins, featuring multiple functions, including the activation of innate immunity and the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response, have been hypothesized to be suitable biomarkers of inflammation in ASD and possibly used to interfere with the immune system ameliorating symptoms of ASD [34,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA Cross-Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Atopic Dermatitis: A Literature Review

Tonacci

Bagnato

Pandolfo

et al. 2019

JCM

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a category of neurodevelopmental disturbances seriously affecting social skills, to which the scientific community has paid great attention in last decades. To date, their pathogenesis is still unknown, but several studies highlighted the relevance of gene-environment interactions in the onset of ASD. In addition, an immune involvement was seen in a wide number of ASD subjects, leading several researchers to hypothesize a possible common pathogenesis between ASD and immune disturbances, including Atopic Dermatitis (AD). In general, among potential contributing factors, microRNAs (miRNAs), small molecules capable of controlling gene expression and targeting mRNA transcripts, might represent one of the major circulating link, possibly unraveling the connections between neurodevelopmental and immune conditions. Under such premises, we conducted a systematic literature review, under the PRISMA guidelines, trying to define the panel of common miRNAs involved in both ASD and AD. The review retrieved articles published between January 1, 2005, and December 13, 2018, in PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycARTICLES, and Google Scholar. We found a handful of works dealing with miRNAs in ASD and AD, with the most overlapping dysregulated miRNAs being miR-146 and miR-155. Two possible compounds are abnormally regulated in both ASD and AD subjects, possibly cross-contributing to the interactions between the two disorders, setting the basis to investigate more precisely the possible link between ASD and AD from another, not just clinical, perspective.

show abstract

“…They have several actions as they can trigger innate immunity and stimulate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activating an adaptive response. However, they could alter homeostasis by causing an excessive pro-inflammatory response [153,158].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocyte Subsets and Inflammatory Cytokines of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Multiple Myeloma

Allegra

Innao

Pugliese

et al. 2019

IJMS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Almost all multiple myeloma (MM) cases have been demonstrated to be linked to earlier monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Nevertheless, there are no identified characteristics in the diagnosis of MGUS that have been helpful in differentiating subjects whose cancer may progress to a malignant situation. Regarding malignancy, the role of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines at the beginning of neoplastic diseases is now incontestable. In this review, we have concentrated our attention on the equilibrium between the diverse lymphocyte subsets and the cytokine system and summarized the current state of knowledge, providing an overview of the condition of the entire system in MGUS and MM. In an age where the therapy of neoplastic monoclonal gammopathies largely relies on drugs capable of acting on the immune system (immunomodulants, immunological checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T), detailed knowledge of the the differences existing in benign and neoplastic forms of gammopathy is the main foundation for the adequate and optimal use of new drugs.

show abstract

Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?

Cited by 15 publications

References 84 publications

IL-33 in Mental Disorders

IL-33 in Mental Disorders

MicroRNA Cross-Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Atopic Dermatitis: A Literature Review

Lymphocyte Subsets and Inflammatory Cytokines of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Multiple Myeloma

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About