Do agrochemicals used during soybean flowering affect the visits of Apis mellifera L.?

Abstract

<p>In the Pampa region of Argentina, most beehives are situated near to soybean [<em>Glycine max </em>(L.) Merr.] crop and honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera </em>L.) use its floral resources. Soybean is often sprayed with pesticides but very little is known about their repellent action against bees. This study evaluates the visit of honey bees to crop after the application of agrochemicals aiming to check for repellency of them and estimate the possible impact on crop pollination<strong>. </strong>For this, six treatments were used (glyphosate + cypermethrin; glyphosate; cypermethrin; lambda-cyhalothrin; methoxyfenocide; <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em>) and developed on plots of 625 m<sup>2</sup>, located in Oro Verde (Argentina), applying two sprays during the crop flowering. The bees were captured using entomological net every 4 days in three different times from the day after the first spraying and up the end of crop flowering. The results showed very little or no repellent action of pesticides on <em>A. mellifera</em>, noting that it foraged on soybean flowers regardless of the temporal proximity and the type of product used in sprays. Possible causes are discussed and the need for larger studies is evident in field conditions related to pesticides repellency and mixtures. Also, further evaluation of the effects of the different chemical formulations available on the market and used regionally where the subspecies <em>A</em>. <em>mellifera</em> can be found. Simultaneously some management practices that could help minimize the risk of contamination are mentioned; the use of defensive crop products of biological origin is encouraged as well as further research in this topic.</p>

Possible interference of Bacillus thuringiensis in the survival and behavior of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera)

“…Despite these results, it was found that the products Xentari and Dipel did not interfere in survival of Africanized honey bees A. mellifera (24-h old and foragers). Bacillus thuringiensis , in other tests, was also shown to be safe for A. mellifera , not causing mortality 37 and, did not change the visitation behavior of these pollinators to soybean flowers 38 or locomotor activity 39 , corroborating the results of our study, which also did find no change behavior of insects that were exposed to the bacteria. Besides that, it was observed that some isolates from B. thuringiensis do not negatively affect adult and larvae of worker bees from A. mellifera 37 , not causing sublethal effects such as the larvae development, the food consumption, and proboscis’s extension response in adults 39 .…”

Caracterización y fenología de especies de interés apícola en el departamento Diamante (Entre Ríos, Argentina)

“…Aproximadamente dos tercios de las especies apícolas abordadas en este trabajo, han sido mencionadas en estudios melisopalinológicos y entomopalinológicos llevados a cabo en el Departamento Diamante (Fagúndez & Caccavari, 2003a;Fagúndez, 2011;Fagúndez, 2015) y en la región (Fagúndez & Caccavari 2003b, 2006Caccavari & Fagúndez, 2010;Fagúndez, 2010;Fagúndez et al, 2012), poniendo de manifiesto la importancia de la flora regional como recurso apícola para Apis mellifera.…”

Linking the Remote Sensing of Geodiversity and Traits Relevant to Biodiversity—Part II: Geomorphology, Terrain and Surfaces

“…Important current and future RS missions and sensors to derive the status and changes of terrain and surfaces. NovaSAR-S 3 single pass InSAR S-band 2018 [410,411] GEDI LiDAR 3 LiDAR (full waveform) 3 laser transmitter, 1064 nm 2019 [45,122,123,412] ICEsat-2 3 LiDAR (full waveform) 1 laser 6 beams, 532 nm (ATLAS) 2018 [124,130,131] Sensor is used on the RS platform: UAV 1 -unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV); airborne 2 -airborne RS platform; spaceborne 3 -spaceborne RS platform. Table 7.…”