Do actions speak louder than words? Differential effects of apology and restitution on behavioral and self-report measures of forgiveness

Carlisle, Robert D.; Tsang, Jo‐Ann; Ahmad, Nadia; Worthington, Everett L.; Witvliet, Charlotte vanOyen; Wade, Nathaniel G.

doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.690444

Cited by 42 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In UG, when subjects encountered an unfair opponent's proposal, they feel that they were offended or unfairly treated and that their self-interest was damaged, which caused negative emotions (Sanfey et al, 2003). Similarly, Carlisle et al (2012) found that subjects in offense conditions felt less positive and more negative emotions after experiencing the unequal distribution of raffle tickets in Round 1 compared with the subjects in the no offense condition, which was consistent with the feelings experienced by participants during UG. In addition, the subjects' happiness decreased after DG compared with the emotional states at baseline.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The first stage was the adapted "UG" in which the participants would experience offense or unfair treatment and then observe the allocation proposal of participants made in the adapted "DG" as indexes of forgiveness or not. Previous studies have found that the behavioral measure paradigm of forgiveness can induce the same offensive feelings as in the real environment and has a significant positive correlation with individuals' self-reported trait forgiveness (Sanfey et al, 2003;Harlé et al, 2010;Carlisle et al, 2012;Dorn et al, 2014;Gilam et al, 2019). On this basis, we made two hypotheses: (1) after completing the adapted UG, participants would express emotional fluctuation because of the unfair experience; and (2) participants with high self-control would give a more fair distribution to opponents who previously treated them unfairly than those with low self-control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-Control Modulates the Behavioral Response of Interpersonal Forgiveness

Hui

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Previous studies have shown that forgiveness is associated with the ability of selfcontrol. However, whether self-control can modulate interpersonal forgiveness remains unclear. In the current study, we aimed to explore the relationship between self-control and the process of forgiveness using a behavioral measure of forgiveness during which participants distributed money between themselves and unknown others who had previously treated them fairly or unfairly in an adapted decision-making task. Seventytwo participants with low or high self-control were recruited based on their scores on the self-control scale (SCS). Results showed that participants exhibited increased anger and decreased happiness after experiencing unfair treatment. Participants with high self-control distributed more money to opponents who previously treated them unfairly compared with those with low self-control, whereas no such difference was observed to opponents who previously treated them fairly between the two groups. A significantly positive correlation was also found between the forgiveness rates and participants' self-control scores. These findings suggest that self-control modulates interpersonal forgiveness responses. Individuals with high self-control expressed an increased prosocial response toward people who previously offended them, which is similar to the process of forgiveness.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Control Modulates the Behavioral Response of Interpersonal Forgiveness

Hui

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…An emerging literature provides evidence that victims are more forgiving if they receive an apology (see Fehr et al, 2010) or restitution (Carlisle et al, 2012;Witvliet et al, 2020) or both in combination (Kiefer et al, 2020). The present investigation extends this work by also examining emotional and embodied responses to apology and restitution, with implications for the growing literature on forgiveness and its physiological side effects as health pathways (Witvliet et al, in press) 1 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…In experiments using a burglary scenario with both students and a community sample, Witvliet et al (2020) found that experimental manipulations of apology and restitution independently prompted greater self-reported empathy and forgiveness while decreasing unforgiving motivations such as avoidance and revenge. Carlisle et al (2012) found self-reported and behavioral evidence that apology and restitution each prompted forgiveness-consistent responses for a lab study offense of unfair raffle ticket distribution. Specifically, receiving an apology note prompted higher self-reported forgiveness, and receiving restitution prompted a behavioral forgiveness-oriented response (i.e., higher distribution of raffle tickets).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Apology and Restitution: The Psychophysiology of Forgiveness After Accountable Relational Repair Responses

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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Apology and restitution each represents wrongdoers' accountable repair responses that have promoted victims' self-reported empathy and forgiveness in crime scenario research. The current study measured emotional and stress-related dependent variables including physiological measures, to illuminate the links between predictors of forgiveness and health-relevant side effects. Specifically, we tested the independent and interactive effects of apology and restitution on forgiveness, emotion self-reports, and facial responses, as well as cardiac measures associated with stress in 32 males and 29 females. Apology and restitution each independently increased empathy, forgiveness, gratitude, and positive emotions, while reducing unforgiveness, negative emotion, and muscle activity above the brow (corrugator supercilii, CS). The presence of a thorough apology-regardless of whether restitution was present-also calmed heart rate, reduced rate pressure products indicative of cardiac stress, and decreased muscle activity under the eye (orbicularis oculi, OO). Interactions pointed to the more potent effects of restitution compared to apology for reducing unforgiveness and anger, while elevating positivity and gratitude. The findings point to distinctive impacts of apology and restitution as factors that foster forgiveness, along with emotional and embodied changes relevant to health.

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“…For example, Kim et al (2004)'s experiment in scenario shows that when trust violation competence based occurs, the apology's repair effect of trustor's belief on trustee is better than denial. Carlisle et al (2012) found that apology leads to more forgiveness. That is to say, participants were more willing to forgive those who make an apology response in the attitude.…”

Section: Apologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust Maintenance and Trust Repair

Dai¹,

Wu²

2015

PSYCH

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As an important social capital, construction and development of initial trust have been paid much attention. Trust violation, as a significant phenomenon, also begins to absorb many concerns. Studies of trust repair started late, and focused on sociology for analyzing trust crises during the social transition period in China, but seldom cared about individual and organizational levels. This paper, based on perspective of psychology, summarizes the definition, theoretical foundation and integrative model of trust, and discusses the trust violation, repair processes, repair strategies, the attribution model and dynamic bilateral model of trust repair, providing convenience for research in the individual or organizational level of trust repair.

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Do actions speak louder than words? Differential effects of apology and restitution on behavioral and self-report measures of forgiveness

Cited by 42 publications

References 48 publications

Self-Control Modulates the Behavioral Response of Interpersonal Forgiveness

Self-Control Modulates the Behavioral Response of Interpersonal Forgiveness

Apology and Restitution: The Psychophysiology of Forgiveness After Accountable Relational Repair Responses

Trust Maintenance and Trust Repair

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