Do 2006/7/EC European Union Bathing Water Standards exclude the risk of contact with Salmonella or Candida albicans?

Efstratiou, Maria A.; Tsirtsis, George

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.02.007

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Of the 29 studies reviewed, almost half ( n = 13) did not report statistical analysis of the relationships [52,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87]. Within the remaining studies, ten did not find a relationship [64,70,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95] while six reported a positive relationship between at least one indicator and one pathogen [59,96,97,98,99,100]. Statistical significance was reported less frequently in marine and brackish waters compared to freshwater (17 vs. 44) and the proportion of statistically significant relationships (compared to non-significant) was considerably higher in freshwater (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.0001).…”

Section: Fib and Pathogens In Marine And Brackish Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Recreational Water Settings

Korajkic

McMinn

Harwood

2018

IJERPH

139

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Fecal pollution of recreational waters can cause scenic blight and pose a threat to public health, resulting in beach advisories and closures. Fecal indicator bacteria (total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci), and alternative indicators of fecal pollution (Clostridium perfringens and bacteriophages) are routinely used in the assessment of sanitary quality of recreational waters. However, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), and alternative indicators are found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, and many other animals and therefore are considered general indicators of fecal pollution. As such, there is room for improvement in terms of their use for informing risk assessment and remediation strategies. Microbial source tracking (MST) genetic markers are closely associated with animal hosts and are used to identify fecal pollution sources. In this review, we examine 73 papers generated over 40 years that reported the relationship between at least one indicator and one pathogen group or species. Nearly half of the reports did not include statistical analysis, while the remainder were almost equally split between those that observed statistically significant relationships and those that did not. Statistical significance was reported less frequently in marine and brackish waters compared to freshwater, and the number of statistically significant relationships was considerably higher in freshwater (p < 0.0001). Overall, significant relationships were more commonly reported between FIB and pathogenic bacteria or protozoa, compared to pathogenic viruses (p: 0.0022–0.0005), and this was more pronounced in freshwater compared to marine. Statistically significant relationships were typically noted following wet weather events and at sites known to be impacted by recent fecal pollution. Among the studies that reported frequency of detection, FIB were detected most consistently, followed by alternative indicators. MST markers and the three pathogen groups were detected least frequently. This trend was mirrored by reported concentrations for each group of organisms (FIB > alternative indicators > MST markers > pathogens). Thus, while FIB, alternative indicators, and MST markers continue to be suitable indicators of fecal pollution, their relationship with waterborne pathogens, particularly viruses, is tenuous at best and influenced by many different factors such as frequency of detection, variable shedding rates, differential fate and transport characteristics, as well as a broad range of site-specific factors such as the potential for the presence of a complex mixture of multiple sources of fecal contamination and pathogens.

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Section: Fib and Pathogens In Marine And Brackish Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Recreational Water Settings

Korajkic

McMinn

Harwood

2018

IJERPH

139

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“…In a recent study, Richards et al [38] reported that C. albicans can survive for six months in water. Recently, a highest frequency of Candida was reported in samples collected from the northern coast of Saronicos gulf, in the Athens area, Greece [14] and in drinking water [39]. In France, 50% of water samples were contaminated by Candida [40] and in Finland, these species occurred in 50% of chlorinated drinking water samples [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Percent reduction in formazan produced was calculated using the following formula: 100% -(Experimental well absorbance at 492 nm -Blank absorbance at 492 nm) × 100/Negative control absorbance at 492 nm [14].…”

Section: Enumeration Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starvation survival of Candida albicans in various water microcosms

Chaieb¹,

Kouidhi²,

Zmantar³

et al. 2011

J. Basic Microbiol.

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Candida is a major Human pathogen causing a variety of infections and can survive for extended period of time in aquatic environment including marine and fresh water. In this study we compared a colorimetric XTT assay to colony forming units (CFU) count to evaluate the survival potential of Candida albicans incubated in water microcosms. Our results showed that cells maintain cultivability within a long period followed by a decline in cultivability and a drop of plate counts to less than 20 cell ml(-1) after 150 days in tap water, 190 days in rain water and 200 days in seawater. In addition we noted that 10% of cells viability was reached after 150 days in seawater, 180 days in rain water and 210 days in tap water. Molecular method confirms the persistence of C. albicans cells in water during long time starvation period.

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“…Current standards assess bacterial contamination as indicative of levels of fecal pollution that serves as a proxy for other infectious agents such as bacterial pathogens and viruses. However, detection of pathogenic bacteria in the absence of indicator of fecal pollution has been reported [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage-Based Fluorescent Biosensor Prototypes to Specifically Detect Enteric Bacteria Such as E. coli and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium

Vinay

Franche²,

Grégori³

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Water safety is a major concern for public health and for natural environment preservation. We propose to use bacteriophages to develop biosensor tools able to detect human and animal pathogens present in water. For this purpose, we take advantage of the highly discriminating properties of the bacteriophages, which specifically infect their bacterial hosts. The challenge is to use a fluorescent reporter protein that will be synthesized, and thus detected, only once the specific recognition step between a genetically modified temperate bacteriophage and its bacterial host has occurred. To ensure the accuracy and the execution speed of our system, we developed a test that does not require bacterial growth, since a simple 1-hour infection step is required. To ensure a high sensitivity of our tool and in order to detect up to a single bacterium, fluorescence is measured using a portable flow cytometer, also allowing on-site detection. In this study, we have constructed and characterized several "phagosensor" prototypes using the HK620 bacteriophage and its host Escherichia coli TD2158 and we successfully adapted this method to Salmonella detection. We show that the method is fast, robust and sensitive, allowing the detection of as few as 10 bacteria per ml with no concentration nor enrichment step. Moreover, the test is functional in sea water and allows the detection of alive bacteria. Further development will aim to develop phagosensors adapted on demand to the detection of any human or animal pathogen that may be present in water.

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Do 2006/7/EC European Union Bathing Water Standards exclude the risk of contact with Salmonella or Candida albicans?

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Relationships between Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Recreational Water Settings

Relationships between Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Recreational Water Settings

Starvation survival of Candida albicans in various water microcosms

Phage-Based Fluorescent Biosensor Prototypes to Specifically Detect Enteric Bacteria Such as E. coli and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium

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