DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus Infection in Fish Crows (<i>Corvus ossifragus</i>)

Turell, Michael J.; Bunning, Michel L.; Ludwig, George V.; Ortman, Brian; Chang, Jennifer; Speaker, Tully J.; Spielman, Andrew; McLean, Robert G.; Komar, Nicholas; Gates, Robert; McNamara, Tracey; Creekmore, Terry E.; Farley, Linda; Mitchell, Carl J.

doi:10.3201/eid0909.030025

Cited by 74 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…d X5SPFUs i /n, where PFUs is the quantity of virus detected in the i-th individual. Turell et al, 2003;Komar et al, 2003;Weingartl et al, 2004). Peak viremia for sage-grouse was well within the median range for peak viremia reported for other species (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Susceptibility of Greater Sage-Grouse to Experimental Infection With West Nile Virus

Clark

Hall

McLean

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Populations of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have declined 45-80% in North America since 1950. Although much of this decline has been attributed to habitat loss, recent field studies have indicated that West Nile virus (WNV) has had a significant negative impact on local populations of grouse. We confirm the susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to WNV infection in laboratory experimental studies. Grouse were challenged by subcutaneous injection of WNV (10 3.2 plaque-forming units [PFUs]). All grouse died within 6 days of infection. The Kaplan-Meier estimate for 50% survival was 4.5 days. Mean peak viremia for nonvaccinated birds was 10 6.4 PFUs/ml (610 0.2 PFUs/ml, standard error of the mean [SEM]). Virus was shed cloacally and orally. Four of the five vaccinated grouse died, but survival time was increased (50% survival59.5 days), with 1 grouse surviving to the end-point of the experiment (14 days) with no signs of illness. Mean peak viremia for the vaccinated birds was 10 2.3 PFUs/ml (610 0.6 PFUs/ml, SEM). Two birds cleared the virus from their blood before death or euthanasia. These data emphasize the high susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to infection with WNV.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Susceptibility of Greater Sage-Grouse to Experimental Infection With West Nile Virus

Clark

Hall

McLean

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…In addition, the use of DNA vaccines Correspondence: Dr. Evita V. Grant e-mail: evita.grant@gmail.com has proven effective in some current veterinary products such as a vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus for salmon [3], melanoma immunotherapeutic vaccine for dogs [4] and a vaccine against the West Nile Virus for horses [5]. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA in humans has proven to be modest in comparison with the immunogenicity observed in other species of microbial expression vectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of plasmid DNA immunogenicity with linear polyethylenimine

et al. 2012

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The utility of plasmid DNA as an immunogen has been limited by its weak immunogenicity. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of a family of linear polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers, complexed to plasmid DNA, to augment DNA expression in vivo and to enhance antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. We showed that four of five structurally different PEIs that we evaluated increased in vivo DNA expression 20-to 400-fold, and enhanced DNA-induced epitope-specific CD8 IntroductionDNA vaccine constructs have been evaluated and are being tested in a number of human clinical trials for generating immunity to many types of diseases, including infectious, cancer, allergic, and autoimmune diseases [1,2]. In addition, the use of DNA vaccinesCorrespondence: Dr. Evita V. Grant e-mail: evita.grant@gmail.com has proven effective in some current veterinary products such as a vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus for salmon [3], melanoma immunotherapeutic vaccine for dogs [4] and a vaccine against the West Nile Virus for horses [5]. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA in humans has proven to be modest in comparison with the immunogenicity observed in other species of microbial expression vectors. Consequently, efforts are being made to increase the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine constructs. Strategies have been developed to increase plasmid DNA expression via codon modification [6], the use of enhanced promoters [7] and the use of microbial transcriptional C 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.eji-journal.eu 2938 Evita V. Grant et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 2937-2948 control elements [8]. Since plasmid DNA has poor in vivo transfection efficiency, a number of formulations of plasmid DNA have been evaluated to protect DNA from degradation and to enhance transfection efficiency [9][10][11]. The "gene gun" technology [12] was developed to enhance DNA delivery and immunogenicity. Furthermore, immunomodulation strategies have been evaluated for their ability to enhance DNA immunogenicity [13][14][15]. The synthetic polycationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI), consisting of chains of ethylenimine units-CH 2 CH 2 NH-, has become the gold standard for enhancing the in vivo expression of administered genes [16,17]. PEI is superior to other nonmicrobial transfection agents because of its ability to protect DNA from degradation [18], to escape intracellular endosomal lysis [19] and to efficiently deliver DNA into the nucleus of cells [20]. Formulation with PEI polymers has been employed in DNA-and siRNAbased immunotherapy against cancer [21,22] and in vaccination studies targeting different infectious agents [10,23,24].In the present study, we have evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of a series of PEI polymers and have assessed associations between particular characteristics of these polymers and their ability to facilitate in vivo DNA expression and enhanced adaptive immune responses. Moreover, we have examined plasmid DNA constructs formulated with these various PEI...

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“…DNA plasmid vaccines also elicit protective immunity in animal models. Administration of plasmid DNA encoding the prM and E proteins prevented both viremia and mortality in horses, mice, and crows [18,[21][22][23]. Plasmid based DNA vaccines induced robust helper T cell immune responses, cytokine production, and humoral immunity [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative contribution of antibody and CD8+ T cells to vaccine immunity against West Nile encephalitis virus

Shrestha

Chu

et al. 2008

Vaccine

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito borne, neurotropic flavivirus that causes a severe central nervous system (CNS) infection in humans and animals. Although commercial vaccines are available for horses, none is currently approved for human use. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and mechanism of immune protection of two candidate WNV vaccines in mice. A formalin-inactivated WNV vaccine induced higher levels of specific and neutralizing antibodies compared to a DNA plasmid vaccine that produces virus-like particles. Accordingly, partial and almost complete protection against a highly stringent lethal intracranial WNV challenge were observed in mice 60 days after single dose immunization with the DNA plasmid and inactivated virus vaccines, respectively. In mice immunized with a single dose of DNA plasmid or inactivated vaccine, antigenspecific CD8 + T cells were induced and contributed to protective immunity as acquired or genetic deficiencies of CD8 + T cells lowered the survival rates. In contrast, in boosted animals, WNVspecific antibody titers were higher, survival rates after challenge were greater, and an absence of CD8 + T cells did not appreciably affect mortality. Overall, our experiments suggest that in mice, both inactivated WNV and DNA plasmid vaccines are protective after two doses, and the specific contribution of antibody and CD8 + T cells to vaccine immunity against WNV is modulated by the prime-boost strategy.

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DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus Infection in Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus)

Cited by 74 publications

References 21 publications

Susceptibility of Greater Sage-Grouse to Experimental Infection With West Nile Virus

Susceptibility of Greater Sage-Grouse to Experimental Infection With West Nile Virus

Enhancement of plasmid DNA immunogenicity with linear polyethylenimine

The relative contribution of antibody and CD8+ T cells to vaccine immunity against West Nile encephalitis virus

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