“…Both males and females show increased insertion of Line1 retrotransposon into the genome; this insertion negatively predicts levels of juvenile social play (Cuarenta et al, 2021). Further, males and females exhibit decreased expression of DNA topoisomerase Top3β in the PFC, perhaps indicating decreased resiliency to further genomic insults (Cuarenta et al, 2023). Collectively this work suggests that neonatal exposure to POE, even at a developmental time point when defensive behaviors may not yet be evident, causes lasting effects on a variety of behaviors via reorganization of the genome at several levels, including DNA (Kigar et al, 2017;Cuarenta et al, 2020Cuarenta et al, , 2021Cuarenta et al, , 2023, RNA (Kigar et al, 2017;Chang et al, 2019;Cuarenta et al, 2020Cuarenta et al, , 2021Cuarenta et al, , 2023, chromatin (Kigar et al, 2017), and retrotransposon expression (Cuarenta et al, 2020(Cuarenta et al, , 2021.…”