DNA repair in microgravity: studies on bacteria and mammalian cells in the experiments REPAIR and KINETICS

Horneck, G.; Rettberg, Petra; Baumstark‐Khan, Christa; Rink, H.; Kozubek, Stanislav; Schäfer, M.; Schmitz, C.

doi:10.1016/0168-1656(96)01382-x

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Any modification of this process could thus have important implications for long-term damage in surviving cells. It has recently been reported that also in mammalian cells, repair of DNA DSBs is not impaired under microgravity [5,21], which supports our results. Bacteria have also been used as test objects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…All experiments designed to assess the biological effects of the space radiation components in mammalian systems have so far been conducted on Earth, so the question arises of whether the lack of gravity may influence the radiation response. A large number of studies has addressed this problem (e.g., [3,4,5,6]), but the reports are generally inconclusive. Biological systems flown on spacecraft are subject to many changes in environmental conditions so it is very difficult to clearly relate a measured effect to just one of these varying influences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Repair of cellular radiation damage in space under microgravity conditions

Pross¹,

Kiefer²

1999

Radiation and Environmental Biophysics

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The influence of microgravity on the repair of x-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks was studied in the temperature-conditional repair mutant rad54-3 of diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells were exposed on the ground and kept at a low temperature until microgravity conditions were achieved. In orbit, they were incubated at the permissive temperature to allow repair. Before re-entry they were again cooled down and kept at a low temperature until final analysis. The experiment, which was flown on the shuttle Atlantis on flight STS-76 (SMM-03), showed that repair of pre-formed DNA double-strand breaks in yeast is not impaired by microgravity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Repair of cellular radiation damage in space under microgravity conditions

Pross¹,

Kiefer²

1999

Radiation and Environmental Biophysics

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“…Comparison of cells that were allowed to repair in microgravity to those under gravity (1 ϫ g reference centrifuge on board or corresponding ground controls) did not show any significant difference in their enzymatic repair reactions (108,112). Using an on-board radiation source, Pross et al (207) showed, using cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad 54-3, that in microgravity both the number of radiation-induced DNA DSBs and the efficiency of their repair did not differ from those under terrestrial conditions.…”

Section: Interactions Of Microgravity and Radiation In Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Microbiology

Horneck

Klaus

Mancinelli

2010

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

556

489

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SUMMARY The responses of microorganisms (viruses, bacterial cells, bacterial and fungal spores, and lichens) to selected factors of space (microgravity, galactic cosmic radiation, solar UV radiation, and space vacuum) were determined in space and laboratory simulation experiments. In general, microorganisms tend to thrive in the space flight environment in terms of enhanced growth parameters and a demonstrated ability to proliferate in the presence of normally inhibitory levels of antibiotics. The mechanisms responsible for the observed biological responses, however, are not yet fully understood. A hypothesized interaction of microgravity with radiation-induced DNA repair processes was experimentally refuted. The survival of microorganisms in outer space was investigated to tackle questions on the upper boundary of the biosphere and on the likelihood of interplanetary transport of microorganisms. It was found that extraterrestrial solar UV radiation was the most deleterious factor of space. Among all organisms tested, only lichens (Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans) maintained full viability after 2 weeks in outer space, whereas all other test systems were inactivated by orders of magnitude. Using optical filters and spores of Bacillus subtilis as a biological UV dosimeter, it was found that the current ozone layer reduces the biological effectiveness of solar UV by 3 orders of magnitude. If shielded against solar UV, spores of B. subtilis were capable of surviving in space for up to 6 years, especially if embedded in clay or meteorite powder (artificial meteorites). The data support the likelihood of interplanetary transfer of microorganisms within meteorites, the so-called lithopanspermia hypothesis.

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“…In contrast, some space experiments have shown that mutation frequencies and DNA repair activity are not affected by microgravity in E. coli (Harada et al, 1998;Horneck et al, 1996), B. subtillis (Yatagai et. al., 2000), D. discoideum (Takahashi et al, 1997), S. cerevisiae (Pross et al, 1999;Fukuda, et al, 2000), human cells (Horneck et al, 1996) and with in vitro assays .…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Space Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al., 2000), D. discoideum (Takahashi et al, 1997), S. cerevisiae (Pross et al, 1999;Fukuda, et al, 2000), human cells (Horneck et al, 1996) and with in vitro assays .…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Space Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Effects of Space Radiation during Long Stays in Space

Ohnishi

2004

Biol. Sci. Space

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Many space experiments are scheduled for the International Space Station (ISS). Completion of the ISS will soon become a reality. Astronauts will be exposed to low-level background components from space radiation including heavy ions and other high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. For long-term stay in space, we have to protect human health from space radiation. At the same time, we should recognize the maximum permissible doses of space radiation. In recent years, physical monitoring of space radiation has detected about 1 mSv per day. This value is almost 150 times higher than that on the surface of the Earth. However, the direct effects of space radiation on human health are currently unknown. Therefore, it is important to measure biological dosimetry to calculate relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for human health during long-term flight. The RBE is possibly modified by microgravity. In order to understand the exact RBE and any interaction with microgravity, the ISS centrifugation system will be a critical tool, and it is hoped that this system will be in operation as soon as possible. Key words; space, space radiation, biological effect, high-LET, ISSCharacteristics of space and the composition of space radiation F o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , h u m a n b e i n g s h a v e b e e n residing for long periods in the ISS where many space experiments are scheduled to be performed. In addition, there are proposals for human to travel to Mars. Important characteristics of the environment in space are the presence of microgravity and space radiation. Radiation present in the space environment contains many components including low dose radiation, low dose-rate radiation, and high-LET particles (Table 1). The space environment produces microgravity-and/or space radiation-induced physiological changes in the human body (e.g. calcium release from bone into the urine, loss of muscular power, body fluid shifts, space or airsickness, reduced immunoreactivity and eye flashes).During a long-term stay in space, astronauts will be constantly exposed to space radiation which contains various types of low dose-rate radiation. Space radiation consists of galactic cosmic rays, solar particles and geomagnetically trapped particles (Table 2). A characteristic of galactic cosmic rays is their containing high energy particles with energies over 10 GeV: protons (90%), α-particles (9%) and heavy particles (1%). The origin of galactic cosmic rays is considered to be the explosion of supernovas. Solar particles are primarily protons and electrons with several percent of Review Received: January 4, 2005 Address for correspondence: Dr. Takeo Ohnishi Department of Biology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan. E-mail; tohnishi@naramed-u.ac.jp the radiation being composed of α-particles and heavy particles. The sun changes its level of activity during an 11-year-cycle. Solar flares and solar winds, indicators of solar activity, emit large quantities of charged partic...

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DNA repair in microgravity: studies on bacteria and mammalian cells in the experiments REPAIR and KINETICS

Cited by 36 publications

References 16 publications

Repair of cellular radiation damage in space under microgravity conditions

Repair of cellular radiation damage in space under microgravity conditions

Space Microbiology

The Biological Effects of Space Radiation during Long Stays in Space

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