DNA-Modified Diamond Surfaces

Abstract

Preparation and hybridization of DNA-modified polycrystalline diamond substrates with fluorescently labeled complementary and noncomplementary oligonucleotide sequences were investigated. Hydrogen-terminated, free-standing diamond substrates were photochemically modified to produce amine-terminated surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the initial attachment of a protected amine and the subsequent deprotection chemistry. Thiol-terminated DNA oligonucleotides were then linked to the amine-terminated diamond surfaces using a heterobifunctional linker. It is shown that hybridization on DNA-modified polycrystalline diamond is specific, with strong binding of perfectly matched 16-mer complements and little or no binding to 16-mers with 4 mismatched nucleotides. A direct comparison of DNA hybridization on DNA-modified diamond and DNA-modified surfaces of crystalline silicon shows that the diamond surfaces exhibit superior chemical stability under the conditions employed to hybridize and denature the DNA-modified surfaces.

Luminescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications

“…Acid treatments: Hydrogen plasma treatment (Thoms et al 1994;Strother et al 2002;Knickerbocker et al 2003) -Nitric and sulphuric acid (Kong et al 2005a;Huang and Chang 2004;Liu et al 2008;Chao et al 2007;Ushizawa et al 2002) Annealing in hydrogen gas (Härtl et al 2004;Christiaens et al 2006;Saini et al 2008) -Nitric acid Huang et al 2008;Sushchev et al 2008;Mitev et al 2007) Water vapour treatment (Ando et al 1996a) -Hydrochloric acid (Kossovsky et al 1995;Mitev et al 2007) Borane (BH3) (Krüger et al 2006;Neugart et al 2007;Liang et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009b) -Perchloric acid (Xu et al 2005) -Potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid (Mitev et al 2007) -Sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate (Xu et al 2005) Annealing in:…”

“…-apoobelin ) -aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) ) -DNA (Fu et al 2007) -luciferase Puzyr' et al 2004) -Alpha-bungarotoxin (Liu et al 2008 (Miller and Brown 1996;Knickerbocker et al 2003;Lu et al 2004;Strother et al 2002;Yang et al 2002;Takahashi et al 2003;Yeap et al 2008;Zhang et al 2009b;Zheng et al 2009;Chang et al 2010) (Strother et al 2002;Takahashi et al 2003;Ida et al 2003;Tsubota et al 2003;Härtl et al 2004;Christiaens et al 2006;Chang et al 2010) (Liu et al 2004;Ando et al 1996b;Khabashesku et al 2005;Ando et al 1996a;Ando et al 1993) (Ando et al 1996a;Ikeda et al 1998;Takahashi et al 2003;Miller and Brown 1996) Silanes Aryl Alkyl Amino (Zhang et al 2009b;Liang et al 2009;Krüger et al 2006;Yeap et al 2008 Zheng et al 2009) choice of biological buffer systems or media is also important, since both foetal bovine serum and phosphate buffered saline, two common biological buffer systems, tend to cause re-aggregation (Neugart et al 2007;Vaijayanthimala et al 2009). Despite the challenges involved in preparing and maintaining de-aggregated nanodiamonds, positive results strongly support their use in biological applications.…”

“…In one study, the application of nanodiamonds to the skin of mice did not cause contact hypersensitivity or other allergic reactions (Burleson et al 2009). At a dose of 1mg/kg, Other -DNA (Christiaens et al 2006;Takahashi et al 2003;Knickerbocker et al 2003;Lu et al 2004;Rezek et al 2006;Yang et al 2002) -DNA (Ushizawa et al 2002) (ester linkage) Table 6 Cells showing good biocompatibility with nanodiamond in vitro HeLa cells (human cervical carcinoma) (Faklaris et al 2008;Vaijayanthimala et al 2009) Human lung adenocarcinoma cells Liu et al 2007;Liu et al 2009) Keratinocytes (Burleson et al 2009;Schrand et al 2007) Neuroblastomas (Schrand et al 2007) PC-12 cells (Schrand et al 2007) Lung fibroblasts Embryonic fibroblasts Vaijayanthimala et al 2009) Human kidney cells Osteoprogenitor cells (Vaijayanthimala et al 2009) Macrophages (Schrand et al 2007) 4 nm nanodiamonds instilled into the mouse trachea were phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages within 24 h, with a decrease in the number of nanodiamonds observed in the alveolar area throughout the study. Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations at 7, 14 and 28 days postexposure also showed no adverse effects in the lungs; nor did nanodiamonds evidently translocate into the bloodstream and/or other organs (Yuan et al 2010).…”

Silicon and Silicon-Related Surfaces for Biosensor Applications

“…Hydrogen-free diamond surfaces were also reacted under UHV conditions [Buriak, 2001& Hovis, et al, 2000& Knickerbocker, et al, 2003] with alkenes via a [2+2] cycloaddition or Diels-Alder mechanism. Hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces could be functionalized with alkenes under UV irradiation [Knickerbocker, et al, 2003& Strother, et al, 2002.…”

“…Hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces could be functionalized with alkenes under UV irradiation [Knickerbocker, et al, 2003& Strother, et al, 2002. The reaction forms new carbon-carbon bonds, ensuring a robust grafting of monolayers.…”