“…DNA damage caused by treatment with ionizing radiation (IR) or ultraviolet radiation (UV) has been reported to result in the de novo phosphorylation of p53 within the transactivation domain at Ser6 , Ser9 , Ser15 (Siliciano et al, 1997;Shieh et al, 1997), Thr18 Sakaguchi et al, 2000; this manuscript), Ser20 (Chehab et al, 1999;Unger et al, 1999a;Jabbur et al, 2000), Ser33 and Ser37 Sakaguchi et al, 1998). In vitro experiments attribute these events to cellular kinases, including CKI Sakaguchi et al, 2000;Higashimoto et al, 2000), p38 MAPK (Bulavin et al, 1999), ATM (Banin et al, 1998;Canman et al, 1998), ATR (Tibbetts et al, 1999), DNA-PK (Woo et al, 1998), Cds1/Chk2 (Shieh et al, 2000), Chk1 (Chehab et al, 2000;Hirao et al, 2000;Shieh et al, 2000), JNK1 (Milne et al, 1995) and CAK (Ko et al, 1997).…”