DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by endosulfan exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract

Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide), an organochlorine pesticide, is prevalently used all around the world. It is considered to be a new candidate for the persistent organic pollutants group. Endosulfan residues in the environment may cause serious damage to ecosystems, especially in aquatic environments. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of endosulfan on antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage in zebrafish. Male and female zebrafish were separated and exposed to a control solution and four concentrations of endosulfan (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg L⁻¹) and were sampled after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. It is noteworthy that the present research explored the correlation among the three indicators induced by endosulfan. Low endosulfan concentrations (0.01 μg L⁻¹) induced a slight increase of SOD and CAT activity, which kept ROS in a stable level. High endosulfan concentration (10 μg L⁻¹) induced excessive ROS production which exceeded the capacity of the cellular antioxidants and exhausted the enzyme including CAT and SOD. The DNA damage of zebrafish was evaluated by single-cell gel electrophoresis and was enhanced with increasing endosulfan concentration. In conclusion, the present study showed that endosulfan (0.01-10 μg L⁻¹) has toxic effects on zebrafish.

Toxicity of Sublethal Concentrations of Glyphosate and Paraquat Herbicide in the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus

“…0,201x Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase are the main enzymes in this group for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), providing a first line of defense against ROS. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen while SOD converts the superoxide anion radical to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide respectively (Shao et al, 2012). It seems from the present study that the fishes have responded very well to the oxidative stress induced on them by the herbicides as evident in the increased levels of these antioxidant enzymes (Tables 1 and 2).…”

Perchlorate-induced oxidative stress in isolated liver mitochondria

“…Considering the results mentioned above, we suppose that under the oxidative stress of ClO 4 -, the excess of ROS generated which leading to loss of Dw m , and accounting for the mPTP opening that may cause a disturbance of mitochondrial function (Jezek and Hlavata 2005;Valko et al 2006). In addition, excessive ROS accumulation may result in the enhancement of DNA damage Shao et al 2012). Here, when incubated with ClO 4 -, DNA fragmentation was observed in isolated mitochondria (Fig.…”

Effects of cypermethrin on survival, morphological and biochemical aspects of rohu (Labeo rohita) during early development

“…To overcome this problem, every organism has unique enzymes system (Shi et al, 2011) which by facing ROS exhibits variations in their activities (Loro et al, 2012;Shao et al, 2012). Fish use important enzymes like POD and CAT which readily scavenge superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide (Lin et al, 2009;Jin et al, 2010) converting them to less reactive species (Atli et al, 2006;Valavanidis et al, 2006) resulting variations in activity (Uner et al, 2001;K€ oprücü et al, 2010).…”