DNA barcoding as a tool to facilitate the taxonomy of hermit crabs (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea)

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Paguristes tortugae Schmitt, 1933 complex and selected other Paguroidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)

“…Although not addressed in detail by that study, an additional finding by Bracken-Grissom et al (2013) was a significantly supported (bootstrap 100) assemblage of 16 species corresponding to an assemblage from our analysis in which Diogenidae Clade 2, Coenobitidae, and Diogenidae Clade 3 are united (bootstrap 100). Additional support for our three diogenid clades can be found in a recent CO1 barcoding study (Landschoff & Gouws 2018). That study recovered a polyphyletic Diogenidae having three groupings with constituencies congruent with those of our three diogenid clades.…”

“…Diogenidae has been considered by many authors to be a monophyletic family closely allied with or sister to Coenobitidae (MacDonald et al 1957;McLaughlin 1983McLaughlin , 2002Cunningham et al 1992;McLaughlin & Lemaitre 1997;Forest & McLaughlin 2000;Ahyong & O'Meally 2004;McLaughlin et al 2007McLaughlin et al , 2010De Grave et al 2009;Schnabel et al 2009), but evidence from phylogenetic studies ranging across Decapoda suggests that the family Diogenidae may not be monophyletic (Tudge 1997;Tsang et al 2008Tsang et al , 2011Bybee et al 2011;Schnabel et al 2011;Bracken-Grissom et al 2013;Landschoff & Gouws 2018;Tan et al 2018;Wolfe et al 2019). Our analysis concurs with the latter findings of a non-monophyletic Diogenidae by recovering a clade that integrates the diogenid genera Bathynarius, Calcinus, Clibanarius, and Dardanus with the coenobitid genera Birgus and Coenobita (bootstrap 100) while relegating all species of Areopaguristes, Paguristes, and Pseudopaguristes to Diogenidae Clade 1 (Fig.…”

“…A large body of morphological and genetic research on paguroid systematics has focused on the relationships between controversial, large-scale groupings (family level and above), as well as the phenomenon of carcinization (MacDonald et al 1957;McLaughlin 1983;Forest 1987;Cunningham et al 1992;Scholtz & Richter 1995;Morrison et al 2002;Dixon et al 2003;McLaughlin et al 2007;Reimann et al 2011;Tsang et al 2011;Bracken-Grissom et al 2013;Keiler et al 2017;Palero et al 2019). Emerging evidence from molecular phylogenetics, CO1 barcoding studies, and phylogenomic analyses demonstrates that evolutionary relationships within Anomura and among paguroid groups are not always clear cut, suggesting that the taxonomic scope of some families and many of the genera they encompass will require revisions in order to reconcile current classifications with phylogenetic relationships (Landschoff & Gouws 2018;Noever & Glenner 2018;Tan et al 2018;Wolfe et al 2019).…”

“…Like Paguristes and Pseudopaguristes, Areopaguristes has so far been presumed monophyletic. Although barcoding efforts have begun to address the issue (Landschoff & Gouws 2018), neither the monophyly of the three genera nor the association among them have yet been specifically evaluated by a multi-gene molecular phylogenetic analyses.…”

“…Biodiversity studies of decapod crustaceans (Knowlton 1986;Felder et al 2009b) have increasingly drawn attention to the role of color in detecting cryptic species diversity. Color and its patterning have been shown to support separations at the species level for carideans (Knowlton & Mills 1992;Grippa & d'Udekem d'Acoz 1996;Matthews et al 2002;Rhyne & Lin 2006;Anker et al 2008;Bracken & Felder 2014;Hultgren et al 2014;Soledade et al 2019), astacideans (Patoka et al 2015), achelatans (Burton & Davie 2007;Tourinho et al 2012), brachyurans (Castro 1982;Williams & Felder 1986;Ng & Huang 1997;Davie et al 2010;Mendoza 2013;Mantelatto et al 2014;Chenari et al 2017), andvaried anomurans (Macphearson &Machordom 2001;Hiller et al 2006;Hiller & Werding 2019), including paguroid anomurans (Haig & McLaughlin 1983;Poupin & McLaughlin 1998;Komai 2001;Malay & Paulay 2010;Malay et al 2018;Negri et al 2012Negri et al , 2014Perez-Barros et al 2015;Jung et al 2018;Lemaitre et al 2018;Landschoff & Gouws 2018;Malay et al 2018;Felder et al 2019). In the P. tortugae complex, some constituent species show well-defined and markedly different color schemes with little intraspecific variation or sexual dimorphism…”